Alternative path cooling of a high temperature fuel cell
Systems and methods provide for the thermal management of a high temperature fuel cell. According to embodiments described herein, a non-reactant coolant is routed into a fuel cell from a compressor or a ram air source. The non-reactant coolant absorbs waste heat from the electrochemical reaction within the fuel cell. The heated coolant is discharged from the fuel cell and is vented to the surrounding environment or directed through a turbine. The energy recouped from the heated coolant by the turbine may be used to drive the compressor or a generator to create additional electricity and increase the efficiency of the fuel cell system. A portion of the heated coolant may be recycled into the non-reactant coolant entering the fuel cell to prevent thermal shock of the fuel cell.
1. A method for thermally managing a fuel cell provided on a vehicle, with an ambient environment surrounding the vehicle, the method comprising:
directing oxygen to a reactant portion of the fuel cell from an oxygen source continuously closed from the ambient environment surrounding the vehicle;
directing fuel to the reactant portion of the fuel cell from a fuel source continuously closed from the ambient environment surrounding the vehicle;
utilizing the oxygen and fuel in a chemical reaction within the reactant portion of the fuel cell to create a product and waste heat;
capturing a non-reactant ambient coolant from the ambient environment surrounding the vehicle;
directing an entire portion of the non-reactant ambient coolant to a non-reactant portion of the fuel cell, wherein the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell is thermally coupled to, and isolated from direct fluid communication with, the reactant portion of the fuel cell, so that the non-reactant ambient coolant is completely isolated from the oxygen and fuel, the non-reactant ambient coolant absorbing a portion of the waste heat from the reactant portion of the fuel cell to create heated coolant; and
directing the heated coolant from the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein directing an entire portion of the non-reactant ambient coolant to the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell comprises directing ram air through the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell to create heated air.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein directing an entire portion of the non-reactant ambient coolant to the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell comprises directing ambient airflow through a compressor configured to pressurize the ambient airflow and to direct the ambient airflow to the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising directing the heated coolant from the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell, in the form of heated ambient airflow, through a turbine configured to drive the compressor.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising directing the heated coolant from the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell through a turbine configured to create mechanical energy from a flow of the heated coolant, wherein the turbine is coupled to a generator, enabling production of electricity from the mechanical energy created by the turbine.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising directing a portion of the heated coolant from the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell to the non-reactant ambient coolant prior to directing the non-reactant ambient coolant to the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell to increase a temperature of the non-reactant ambient coolant and decrease a temperature differential between the non-reactant ambient coolant and the reactant portion of the fuel cell.
7. A method for thermally managing a fuel cell provided on a vehicle, with an ambient environment surrounding the vehicle, the method comprising:
directing oxygen to a reactant portion of the fuel cell from an oxygen source continuously closed from the ambient environment surrounding the vehicle;
directing fuel to the reactant portion of the fuel cell from a fuel source continuously closed from the ambient environment surrounding the vehicle, wherein the oxygen and fuel chemically react within the reactant portion of the fuel cell to create a product and waste heat;
directing a non-reactant airflow, from the ambient environment surrounding the vehicle through a compressor operative to pressurize the non-reactant airflow;
directing an entire portion of the non-reactant airflow pressurized in the compressor to a non-reactant portion the fuel cell, wherein the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell is thermally coupled to, and isolated from direct fluid communication with, the reactant portion of the fuel cell, so that the non-reactant ambient coolant is completely isolated from the oxygen and fuel;
transferring waste heat from the reactant portion of the fuel cell to the non-reactant airflow via the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell to create a waste heat airflow;
directing the waste heat airflow out of the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell to a turbine to create mechanical energy; and
utilizing the mechanical energy from the turbine to drive the compressor.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising utilizing the mechanical energy from the turbine to drive a generator.
9. The method of claim 7 , further comprising recirculating a portion of the waste heat airflow to the non-reactant airflow prior to directing an entire portion of the non-reactant airflow from the compressor to the non-reactant portion of the fuel cell to increase a temperature of the non-reactant airflow and decrease a temperature differential between the non-reactant airflow and the reactant portion of the fuel cell.