Electrically conductive articles
Articles comprising a substrate having a first major surface; an electrical conductor pattern on the first major surface of the substrate, the electrical conductor pattern comprising a plurality of separated pairs of separated first and second electrically conductive metallic traces. Optionally the articles further comprise a first electrically conductive layer. Embodiments of articles described herein are useful in, for example, displays, touch sensors, lighting elements, photovoltaic cells, electrochromic windows and displays, and electroluminescent lamps and displays.
1. An article comprising:
a substrate having a first major surface;
an electrical conductor pattern on the first major surface of the substrate, the electrical conductor pattern comprising:
a plurality of separated pairs of separated first and second electrically conductive metallic traces, the first and second electrically conductive metallic traces of each pair of the plurality of pairs having a length of overlap relative to each other of at least 5 times their separation distance, and wherein there are at least 50 of the electrically conductive metallic traces/cm 2 .
2. The article of claim 1 , wherein adjacent electrically conductive metallic traces of adjacent pairs within the plurality of pairs have a length of overlap relative to each other of at least 5 times their separation distance.
3. The article of claim 1 , wherein the electrical conductor pattern has an open area fraction greater than 80%.
4. The article of claim 1 , wherein each electrically conductive metallic trace of a pair is separated from each other by up to 5 micrometers; the electrically conductive metallic traces have widths not greater than 15 micrometers; and the electrically conductive metallic traces have lengths of at least 50 micrometers.
5. The article claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrically conductive metallic traces of each pair of the plurality of pairs have a length of overlap relative to each other of at least 10 times their separation distance.
6. The article of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is transparent.
7. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrically conductive metallic traces are branched.
8. The article of claim 1 , further comprising an electrically conductive layer having first and second generally opposed major surfaces, wherein a major surface of the electrically conductive layer is in contact with at least a portion of the plurality of pairs of first and second electrically conductive metallic traces.
9. The article of claim 8 , wherein the electrically conductive layer is transparent and comprises at least one of metal oxide, metal nanowires, electrically conducting polymer, carbon nanotubes, or graphene.
10. The article of claim 9 , wherein the electrically conductive layer is patterned and comprises first and second, separated regions.
11. The article of claim 8 , wherein the electrically conductive layer is disposed between the substrate and the plurality of pairs of first and second electrically conductive metallic traces.
12. The article of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of pairs of first and second electrically conductive metallic traces generally form a pseudo-random two-dimensional network.
13. The article of claim 1 , wherein for at least a portion of the pairs of first and second electrically conductive metallic traces the traces are complementarily tapered relative to each other.
14. The article of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of pairs of first and second electrically conductive metallic traces generally form a repeating series of lines or a two-dimensional network.