Toner and method of producing toner
A toner comprising a toner particle that contains a binder resin and a wax, wherein in a cross sectional image of the toner observed with a transmission electron microscope, the toner satisfies the following formulas (1) and (2) 18.0%≥ As ≥1.5% (1) 10.0≥ Ac/As ≥2.0 (2) where As represents the proportion for the area taken up by the wax present in the surface layer region having distance 1.0 μm in a radial direction inward from the surface of the toner, and Ac represents the proportion for the area taken up by the wax present in the inner region positioned further inside than the surface layer region.
1. A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin and a wax, wherein
the toner has a weight-average particle diameter of 5 to 8 μm,
in a cross sectional image of the toner observed with a transmission electron microscope, the toner satisfies formulae (1) and (2)
18.0%≥ As≥ 1.5% (1)
where As represents a proportion for an area taken up by the wax present in a surface layer region relative to the area of the surface layer region, the surface layer region having distance 1.0 μm in a radial direction inward from a surface of the toner,
10.0≥ Ac/As≥ 2.0 (2)
where Ac represents a proportion for an area taken up by the wax present in an inner region relative to the area of the inner region, the inner region positioned further inside than the surface layer region.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein As is 2.0 to 15.0%.
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the wax is 1.0 to 20.0 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the binder resin.
4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the solubility parameter SP1 of the binder resin and the solubility parameter SP2 of the wax satisfy |SP1−SP2|≥1.10.
5. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the wax comprises a hydrocarbon wax.
6. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the wax present in the surface layer region is present as a plurality of domains.
7. The toner according to claim 4 , wherein the solubility parameter SP1 and the solubility parameter SP2 satisfy 1.10≤|SP1−SP2|≤1.80.
8. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein at least 5 domains of wax having a long axis of 0.05 to 1.00 μm are observed in the surface layer region.
9. A method of producing a toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin and a wax, the toner having a weight-average particle diameter of 5 to 8 μm and in a cross sectional image of the toner observed with a transmission electron microscope, the toner satisfies formulae (1) and (2)
18.0%≥ As≥ 1.5% (1)
where As represents a proportion for an area taken up by the wax present in a surface layer region relative to the area of the surface layer region, the surface layer region having distance 1.0 um in a radial direction inward from a surface of the toner,
10.0≥ Ac/As> 2.0 (2)
where Ac represents a proportion for an area taken up by the wax present in an inner region relative to the area of the inner region, the inner region positioned further inside than the surface layer region, the method comprising exposure treatment step (A) or (B):
(A) a step of obtaining a toner particle by exposing a pretreatment toner particle containing the binder resin and the wax to carbon dioxide, or
(B) a step of obtaining a toner by exposing a pretreatment toner containing an external additive and a toner particle containing the binder resin and the wax to carbon dioxide, wherein
a temperature of the carbon dioxide in the exposure treatment step is from 10 to 60° C. and a pressure thereof is from 1.0 to 3.5 MPa.
10. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , wherein an acid value of the binder resin is not more than 15.0 mg KOH/g.
11. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , wherein a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the binder resin is from 10,000 to 50,000.
12. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , wherein the binder resin comprises a styrene-acrylic resin.
13. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , wherein a content of the wax is from 1.0 to 20.0 mass parts per 100 mass parts of the binder resin.
14. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , wherein the solubility parameter SP1 of the binder resin and the solubility parameter SP2 of the wax satisfy |SP1−SP2|≥1.10.
15. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , wherein the wax comprises a hydrocarbon wax.
16. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , wherein a time in the exposure treatment step is from 5 to 180 minutes.
17. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , further comprising:
a step of obtaining a toner particle containing the binder resin and the wax through a granulation step of forming droplets in an aqueous medium.
18. The method of producing the toner according to claim 9 , further comprising a step of obtaining the toner particle that contains the binder resin and the wax, the step comprising:
preparing a polymerizable monomer composition that contains the wax and a polymerizable monomer that constitute the binder resin;
dispersing the polymerizable monomer composition in an aqueous medium to form droplets of the polymerizable polymer composition; and
polymerizing the polymerizable monomer in the droplets.