Inertial wave energy converter
A wave energy converter generates power from a wave-induced separation of a positively buoyant flotation module and a submerged negatively buoyant mass, using a rotating pulley to drive a power-take-off system.
1. An inertial wave energy converter, comprising:
a positively buoyant flotation module adapted to float on a surface of a body of water, the positively buoyant flotation module rising and falling in response to passing waves;
a first pulley mounted rotatably at the positively buoyant flotation platform, said first pulley configured to drive a first power-take-off system;
a flexible connector engaging the first pulley;
a submerged negatively buoyant mass coupled to the flexible connector adjacently to a first end of the flexible connector;
a restoring weight coupled to the flexible connector adjacently to a second end of the flexible connector;
wherein a wet weight of the restoring weight is less than a wet weight of the submerged negatively buoyant mass to gravitationally bias the submerged negatively buoyant mass to a lower position than the restoring weight;
wherein the submerged negatively buoyant mass is configured to continuously gravitationally descend except when lifted by periodic upward impulses applied by the first pulley via the flexible connector;
wherein the cyclic vertical movements of the negatively buoyant mass are regulated by adjustment of a resistive torque imparted to the first pulley by the first power-take-off system to stabilize a separation distance between the positively buoyant flotation module and the submerged negatively buoyant mass in an operational separation distance range.
2. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the first power-take-off system powers an electrical generator.
3. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the first power-take-off system includes a hydraulic transmission.
4. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 3 , wherein the hydraulic transmission includes hydraulic cylinders engaged with a crankshaft.
5. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 3 , wherein the hydraulic transmission includes a turbine coupled to an electric generator.
6. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 4 , wherein a hydraulic fluid pumped by the hydraulic cylinders lubricates the crankshaft.
7. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the first power-take-off system comprises a gearbox engaged with a generator.
8. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the first power-take-off system includes a one-way clutch to drive the first power-take-off system only when a separation distance between the positively buoyant flotation module and the submerged negatively buoyant mass increases.
9. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the first pulley has a spiral groove to constrain the flexible connector.
10. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 9 , wherein the flexible connector is wound multiple times around the first pulley.
11. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 10 , wherein a portion of said flexible connector is fixedly attached to said first pulley.
12. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the positively buoyant flotation module comprises concrete.
13. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 12 , further comprising pre-stressing tendons to inwardly compress said positively buoyant flotation module.
14. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the submerged negatively buoyant mass is suspended at a depth of more than 100 meters.
15. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the submerged negatively buoyant mass is suspended below a wave base of the body of water.
16. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the submerged negatively buoyant mass comprises a plurality of tubes oriented horizontally to reduce an exposure to ocean currents.
17. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the submerged negatively buoyant mass comprises concrete.
18. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the submerged negatively buoyant mass comprises a plastic shell.
19. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein a majority of mass of the submerged negatively buoyant mass is from enclosed water.
20. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , further comprising a mechanical brake to stabilize the submerged negatively buoyant mass when no waves are present.
21. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , further comprising a weight adjustment system for adjusting an effective weight of the submerged negatively buoyant mass.
22. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 21 , wherein the weight adjustment system adjusts a quantity of counterweight opposing an ascent of the submerged negatively buoyant mass due to the periodic upward impulses.
23. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 22 , wherein the quantity of counterweight is adjusted by altering a separation distance between the submerged negatively buoyant mass and the positively buoyant flotation module.
24. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 22 , wherein the counterweight is a plurality of connected weights.
25. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the flexible connector couples to the submerged negatively buoyant mass at a single pick point.
26. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 1 , wherein the restoring weight coaxially encircles the flexible connector.
27. An inertial wave energy converter, comprising:
a positively buoyant flotation module adapted to float on a surface of a body of water, said positively buoyant flotation module moving upwardly and downwardly on passing waves;
a pulley mounted rotatably at the positively buoyant flotation module;
a power-take-off system configured to resist rotation of said pulley to power an electrical generator;
an inertial mass suspended in said body of water; and
a flexible connector having a first portion coupled to said inertial mass and a second portion engaging said pulley;
wherein said power-take-off system comprises a crankshaft engaged with an array of hydraulic cylinders to pump hydraulic fluid to a turbine;
wherein said power-take-off system resists rotation of said pulley with a first resistive torque;
wherein said flexible connector applies a first driving torque to rotate said pulley in a first direction when a separation distance between said positively buoyant flotation module and said inertial mass increases, said first driving torque exceeding said first resistive torque; and
wherein said pulley is biased to rotate in a second direction when said separation distance decreases.
28. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 27 , wherein said pulley is biased to rotate in said second direction by a restoring weight, said restoring weight gravitationally energized when a separation distance between said positively buoyant flotation module and said inertial mass increases.
29. An inertial wave energy converter, comprising:
a positively buoyant flotation module adapted to float on a surface of a body of water;
a first pulley journaled at the positively buoyant flotation module;
a power-take-off system configured to resist rotation of said first pulley;
a submerged inertial mass suspended in said body of water by said positively buoyant flotation module; and
a flexible connector having a first portion coupled to said submerged inertial mass and a second portion engaging said first pulley;
wherein said power-take-off system resists rotation of said first pulley with a resistive torque;
wherein said flexible connector applies a driving torque to rotate said first pulley in a first direction when a separation distance between said positively buoyant flotation module and said submerged inertial mass increases, said driving torque exceeding said resistive torque;
wherein said first pulley rotates in a second direction when said separation distance decreases; and
wherein a vertical resistance to acceleration of said submerged inertial mass is approximately invariant with respect to the vertical velocity of said submerged inertial mass.
30. The inertial wave energy converter of claim 28 , wherein said submerged inertial mass resists vertical acceleration and horizontal acceleration approximately equally.