Fluorescence enhancing plasmonic nanoscopic gold films and assays based thereon
Disclosed are nanostructured gold films which may be produced by solution-phase depositions of gold ions onto a variety of surfaces. The resulting plasmonic gold films are used for enhanced spectroscopic-based immunoassays in multiplexed microarray format with detection mechanisms based on either surface-enhanced Raman scattering or near-infrared fluorescence enhancement. The preparation of the films and subsequent modifications of the gold film surfaces afford increased sensitivity for various microarrays. The films are discontinuous, forming gold “islands.” Sensitivity, size, shape, and density of the nanoscopic gold islands comprising the discontinuous nanostructured gold film are controlled to enhance the intensity of Raman scattering and fluorescence in the near-infrared, allowing for improved measurements in clinical diagnostic or biomedical research applications.
1. A nanostructured material, comprising:
(a) a solid substrate; and
(b) a discontinuous gold film applied to said substrate, said discontinuous gold film having isolated island areas of irregular shapes from 2000 nm 2 to 30,000 nm 2 in area, viewed from the top down, and said islands having heights from 30 to 100 nm, and said islands having shape-conformal edges to form gaps between said islands of 10 to 60 nm extending along said edges,
(c) wherein said nanostructured material exhibits a plasmonic resonance peak from 525 nm to 1400 nm.
2. The material of claim 1 wherein the isolated island areas are between 10,000 nm 2 and 25,000 nm 2 in area.
3. The material of claim 1 wherein the material exhibits a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence enhancement of up to 100-fold relative to the substrate in the absence of the film.
4. The material of claim 1 wherein the isolated island areas are structures selected from the group consisting of (a) separated gold portions of a solution phase deposition; (b) separated gold islands etched from a continuous film; (c) separated regular or irregular patterns of gold made on substrates by lithography techniques; (d) discrete gold particles on the substrate; (e) gold nanorods on the substrate; and (f) gold nanoplates on the substrate.
5. The material of claim 4 wherein the isolated island areas are separated gold islands etched from a continuous film.
6. The material of claim 4 wherein the isolated island areas are discrete gold particles on the substrate and further are adsorbed or assembled on the substrate.
7. The material of claim 4 wherein the isolated island areas are gold nanorods on the substrate and further are adsorbed or assembled on the substrate.
8. The material of claim 4 wherein the isolated island areas are gold nanoplates on the substrate and further are adsorbed or assembled on the substrate.
9. The material of claim 1 further comprising a self-assembled monolayer on the discontinuous gold film.
10. The material of claim 9 further comprising a branched PEG layer on the self-assembled monolayer.
11. The material of claim 1 further comprising an avidin or streptavidin layer on the discontinuous gold film.
12. The material of claim 1 further comprising molecules on the discontinuous gold file with terminal functional groups selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid, amine, methoxy, and epoxide.
13. The material of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of glass, polymers, polyvinyl chloride, nitrocellulose, polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), quartz, silicon, silicon dioxide, and metal oxide.
14. The material of claim 13 wherein the substrate comprises a polymer that is polystyrene.
15. The material of claim 1 wherein the substrate comprises a pattern of plasmonic nanostructures confined in the pattern and made by either lithography or self-assembly techniques.
16. The nanostructured material of claim 1 wherein the gold is Au(0).
17. The material of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is glass.
18. The material of claim 1 , wherein the areas of the isolated island areas are measured from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of said film viewed from the top down.
19. The material of claim 18 , wherein the said isolated island areas appear two-dimensional from said top down scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of said film.
20. The material of claim 1 , wherein the heights of said isolated island areas are measured from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image viewed from the side of said film.
21. The material of claim 1 , wherein the plasmonic resonance peak is in the range of 575 nm to 600 nm.
22. The material of claim 1 , wherein said gaps of from 10 to 60 nm are measured from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of said film viewed from the top down.