Combustor dilution hole cooling system
A combustor for a gas turbine engine including a combustor shell, a heat shield mounted to the combustor shell spaced-apart from the combustor shell to define an air gap therebetween, a core dilution passageway extending through the combustor shell and the heat shield, and a sub-chamber disposed within the air gap in fluid communication with the core dilution passageway. The sub-chamber is separated from a remainder of the air gap by at least one intermediate rail projecting across the air gap and forming an outer boundary of a peripheral area of the core dilution passageway. Impingement holes are formed through the combustor shell and in fluid communication with the sub-chamber. A method of cooling an area surrounding a dilution hole in a combustor is also presented.
1. A combustor for a gas turbine engine, comprising:
a combustor shell which includes a protuberance away from an inner heat shield, the protuberance having a first dilution hole defined therein;
the heat shield mounted to the combustor shell and spaced-apart from the combustor shell to define an air gap therebetween, the heat shield has an outer surface facing the combustor shell and circumferentially surrounding a combustion zone relative to a central axis of the combustor, and an opposite inner surface facing the combustion zone, the heat shield having a second dilution hole defined therein, the second dilution hole is axially and circumferentially aligned with the first dilution hole relative to the central axis, a diameter of the first dilution hole being smaller than a diameter of the second dilution hole, a boss encompassing the second dilution hole and extending from the outer surface of the heat shield to an outer end spaced from the heat shield;
a core dilution passageway extending through the first dilution hole of the combustor shell and the second dilution hole of the heat shield;
a sub-chamber disposed within the air gap in fluid communication with the core dilution passageway, the sub-chamber being separated from a remainder of the air gap by at least one intermediate rail projecting across the air gap and forming an outer boundary of the sub-chamber and of a peripheral area of the core dilution passageway, the boss forming an inner boundary of the of the sub-chamber;
an annular peripheral dilution passageway defined between the combustor shell and the heat shield around the core dilution passageway and extending through the second dilution hole of the heat shield, the sub-chamber having an outlet between the outer end of the boss and the combustor shell protuberance which is upstream of an exit of the second dilution hole relative to a core dilution flow within the core dilution passageway such that a peripheral dilution flow exiting the sub-chamber outlet combines with the core dilution flow of the core dilution passageway to form a total dilution flow upstream of the exit of the second dilution hole relative to the core dilution flow within the core dilution passageway; and
impingement holes formed through the combustor shell and in fluid communication with the sub-chamber and the remainder of the air gap, the impingement holes having at least an impingement jet path directed onto the outer surface of the heat shield within the sub-chamber.
2. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the sub-chamber is in fluid communication with the core dilution passageway via the peripheral dilution passageway, the outlet of the peripheral dilution passageway being concentric with the core dilution passageway.
3. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the sub-chamber is a first sub-chamber; and
further comprising end rails extending across the air gap, the at least one intermediate rail being disposed between the end rails, a second sub-chamber being defined by a portion of the air gap extending between the at least one intermediate rail and the end rails.
4. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the first dilution hole is in registry with the second dilution hole.
5. The combustor as defined in claim 4 , wherein an annular width of the peripheral dilution passageway is comprised between 10% and 30% of the diameter of the first dilution hole.
6. The combustor as defined in claim 4 , wherein a combined surface area of the impingement holes is smaller than a combined surface area of at least one of the first and second dilution holes.
7. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the peripheral dilution flow is configured to account for between 5% and 50% of the total dilution flow.
8. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the at least one intermediate rail includes two circumferentially extending rails disposed on each side of the core dilution passageway.
9. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the at least one intermediate rail includes a circular rail encircling the core dilution passageway.
10. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of effusion holes defined in the heat shield and in fluid communication with the sub-chamber; and
wherein a combined surface area of the effusion holes is smaller than a combined surface area of the impingement holes.
11. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the heat shield is a heat shield panel, the peripheral area accounting for less than 50% of a surface of the heat shield panel.
12. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the outlet of the peripheral dilution passageway is one of tangent and perpendicular to the core dilution passageway.
13. The combustor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the at least one intermediate rail substantially seals the sub-chamber from the remainder of the air gap.
14. A gas turbine engine, comprising:
a combustor including:
a combustor shell which includes a protuberance away from an inner heat shield, the protuberance having a first dilution hole defined therein;
the heat shield mounted to the combustor shell and spaced-apart from the combustor shell to define an air gap therebetween, the heat shield has an outer surface facing the combustor shell and circumferentially surrounding a combustion zone relative to a central axis of the combustor, and an opposite inner surface facing the combustion zone, the heat shield having a second dilution hole defined therein, the second dilution hole is axially and circumferentially aligned with the first dilution hole relative to the central axis, a diameter of the first dilution hole being smaller than a diameter of the second dilution hole, a boss encompassing the second dilution hole and extending from the outer surface of the heat shield to an outer end spaced from the heat shield;
a core dilution passageway extending through the first dilution hole of the combustor shell and the second dilution hole of the heat shield;
a sub-chamber disposed within the air gap in fluid communication with the core dilution passageway, the sub-chamber being separated from a remainder of the air gap by at least one intermediate rail projecting across the air gap and forming an outer boundary of the sub-chamber and of a peripheral area of the core dilution passageway, the boss forming an inner boundary of the of the sub-chamber;
an annular peripheral dilution passageway defined between the combustor shell and the heat shield around the core dilution passageway and extending through the second dilution hole of the heat shield, the sub-chamber having an outlet between the outer end of the boss and the combustor shell protuberance which is upstream of an exit of the second dilution hole relative to a core dilution flow within the core dilution passageway such that a peripheral dilution flow exiting the sub-chamber outlet combines with the core dilution flow of the core dilution passageway to form a total dilution flow upstream of the exit of the second dilution hole relative to the core dilution flow within the core dilution passageway; and
impingement holes formed through the combustor shell and in fluid communication with the sub-chamber and the remainder of the air gap, the impingement holes having at least an impingement jet path directed onto the outer surface of the heat shield within the sub-chamber.
15. A method of cooling an area surrounding the first dilution hole of the combustor of claim 1 , the method comprising:
flowing the peripheral dilution flow through the combustor shell to the sub-chamber that is pressurised in relation to the remainder of the air gap and around the boss, the peripheral dilution flow accounting for at least 5% of the total dilution flow; and
merging the peripheral dilution flow with a core dilution flow of the dilution hole to form the total dilution flow.
16. The method defined in claim 15 , wherein flowing the peripheral dilution flow comprises impinging cooling air against the outer surface of the heat shield in the sub-chamber, and then using said cooling air as the peripheral dilution flow.
17. The method defined in claim 15 , wherein the peripheral dilution flow accounts for between 10 to 30% of the total dilution flow.