Semiconductor chip having tampering feature
Silicon-based or other electronic circuitry is dissolved or otherwise disabled by reactive materials within a semiconductor chip should the chip or a device containing the chip be subjected to tampering. Triggering circuits containing normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistors are configured to cause reactions of the reactive materials within the chips upon exposure to light. The normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistors can be fabricated during back-end-of-line processing through the use of polysilicon channel material, amorphous hydrogenated silicon gate contacts, hydrogenated crystalline silicon source/drain contacts, or other materials that allow processing at low temperatures.
1. A method of fabricating a semiconductor chip having a tampering feature, comprising:
obtaining a structure including a first semiconductor layer and an electrically insulating layer adjoining the first semiconductor layer;
forming electronic circuitry on the first semiconductor layer during a front-end-of-line fabrication process;
depositing a dielectric layer encasing the electronic circuitry;
forming a second semiconductor layer on the dielectric layer;
forming a triggering circuit including a normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor during a back-end-of-line fabrication process at a temperature of less than 400° C., the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect transistor being formed on the second semiconductor layer and being positioned above the electronic circuitry;
providing an actuating element on the dielectric layer;
electrically connecting the actuating element to the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect transistor;
forming a reactive layer on the dielectric layer for disabling the electronic circuitry, the reactive layer being reactive to current flowing through the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor and the actuating element, and
forming an encapsulation layer encapsulating the reactive layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the actuating element includes at least one of a heating element and a light emitting diode and is configured to cause the reactive layer to undergo a chemical reaction.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive layer is configured to generate an exothermic reaction in response to current flowing through the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor and the actuating element.
4. The method of claim 3 , further including electrically connecting the actuating element to ground.
5. The method of claim 4 , further including electrically connecting the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor to a voltage source.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive layer is comprised of acid generating material activated by heat and/or light and capable of producing one or more acids.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor includes a crystalline semiconductor channel having a first conductivity type and comprising a portion of the second semiconductor layer, highly doped crystalline source and drain regions having the first conductivity type on the channel, and a photosensitive gate stack including an intrinsic semiconductor layer adjoining the channel and a highly doped semiconductor layer on the intrinsic semiconductor layer, the highly doped semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the channel and the source and drain regions consist essentially of hydrogenated silicon and the photosensitive gate stack consists essentially of amorphous hydrogenated silicon.
9. The method of claim 1 , further including embedding the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor to shield it from light.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electronic circuitry comprises CMOS circuitry.
11. The method of claim 1 , further including forming a back gate operatively associated with the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein, the actuating element includes at least one of a heating element and a light emitting diode and is configured to cause the reactive layer to undergo a chemical reaction.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the reactive layer is configured to generate an exothermic reaction in response to current flowing through the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor and the actuating element.
14. A method of fabricating a semiconductor chip having a tampering feature, comprising:
obtaining a structure including a first semiconductor layer and an electrically insulating layer adjoining the first semiconductor layer;
forming electronic circuitry on the first semiconductor layer during a front-end-of-line fabrication process;
depositing a dielectric layer encasing the electronic circuitry;
forming a second semiconductor layer on the dielectric layer;
forming a triggering circuit including a normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor during a back-end-of-line fabrication process at a temperature of less than 400° C., the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor being formed on the second semiconductor layer and being positioned above the electronic circuitry;
forming a heating element on the dielectric layer for disabling the electronic circuitry, the heating element being configured to generate an exothermic reaction sufficient to destroy the electronic circuitry in response to current flowing through the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor, and
electrically connecting the heating element between the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor and a ground connection.
15. The method of claim 14 , further including embedding the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor to shield it from light.
16. The method of claim 14 , further including electrically connecting the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor to a voltage source.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the electronic circuitry comprises CMOS circuitry.
18. The method of claim 17 , further including forming a back gate operatively associated with the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the heating element includes multilayers of nickel and aluminum.
20. The method of claim 17 , further including encapsulating the heating element and the normally-OFF heterojunction field-effect photo-transistor in a dielectric material.