Passive cardioid speaker
A passive cardioid acoustical system, or loudspeaker, is described which is driven with a single electrical signal and provides a useful reduction of low-frequency sound intensity in the rearward direction while producing relatively high low-frequency sound intensity in the forward direction. This is accomplished by an acoustical circuit which modifies the magnitude and phase of sound radiated by the interior side of a vibrating diaphragm or diaphragms, and combines it with the sound radiated by the exterior side of the diaphragm or diaphragms, so as to cancel part of the rearward radiation and reinforce the forward radiation. The passive cardioid loudspeaker described employs an improved acoustical circuit which allows improved efficiency, as well as greater flexibility with regard to the size, maximum output, and effective frequency range of the loudspeaker, as compared to prior art.
1. A passive cardioid acoustical system comprising:
an enclosure enclosing an enclosed air volume;
a diaphragm connected to the enclosure and configured to produce sound by vibration;
a duct disposed in the enclosure and having first and second apertures;
an acoustically resistive obstruction disposed across the duct; and
a horn, wherein the horn is disposed within the enclosure and holds the diaphragm in a forward facing direction, relative to the central axis of the enclosure;
wherein the acoustical system acts as a damped second-order low-pass filter, and is capable of producing a cardioid directional pattern over a range of frequencies.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the horn comprises a surface oblique to a centerline of the diaphragm.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the acoustically resistive obstruction is disposed across one end of the duct.
4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a second acoustically resistive obstruction disposed across the other end of the duct.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein a centerline of the duct is parallel to a centerline of the diaphragm.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm is held on a first side of the enclosure and a first end of the duct is disposed along a second side of the enclosure that is opposed to the first side.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the acoustically resistive obstruction comprises one or more layers of cloth or reticulated foam.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the acoustically resistive obstruction further comprises two layers of perforated metal, and the one or more layers of cloth or reticulated foam are clamped between the layers of perforated metal.
9. A passive cardioid acoustical system comprising:
an enclosure enclosing first and second enclosed air volumes;
a diaphragm connected to the enclosure and configured to produce sound by vibration;
a duct exiting at or near the back of the enclosure;
an acoustically resistive obstruction at one end of, or within, the duct; and
a horn, wherein the horn is disposed within the enclosure and holds the diaphragm in a forward facing direction, relative to the central axis of the enclosure;
wherein the acoustical system acts as a damped fourth-order low-pass filter, and is capable of producing a cardioid directional pattern over a range of frequencies.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the horn comprises a surface oblique to a centerline of the diaphragm.
11. The system of claim 9 , wherein the first and second enclosed air volumes are configured in series.
12. The system of claim 9 , wherein the first and second enclosed air volumes are configured in parallel.
13. A passive cardioid acoustical system comprising:
an enclosure enclosing an enclosed air volume and having a primary axis;
a diaphragm connected to the enclosure and configured to produce sound by vibration;
an elongated duct disposed in the enclosure and having first and second apertures, wherein the elongated duct is oriented perpendicularly to the primary axis of the enclosure;
an acoustically resistive obstruction disposed across the duct; and
a horn disposed on the enclosure, wherein the horn holds the diaphragm in a forward facing direction, relative to the primary axis of the enclosure;
wherein the acoustical system acts as a damped second-order low-pass filter, and is capable of producing a cardioid directional pattern over a range of frequencies.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the elongated duct is rectangular.
15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the elongated duct is tapered.
16. The system of claim 14 , wherein the elongated duct includes a respective aperture on one or more sides of the enclosure.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the tapered duct includes a respective aperture on one or more sides of the enclosure.