Therapeutic strategies for treating mitochondrial disorders
Provided herein are methods, compositions, and systems for treating mitochondrial disorders (e.g., MERRF, MELAS, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, diabetes mellitus and deafness, lactic acidosis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Leigh syndrome, NARP, myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy, mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome) or neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease) by administering aspartate, or an analog or prodrug thereof, or an agent that increases intracellular levels of aspartate. Pharmaceutical compositions and kits for use in treating mitochondrial disorders and neurodegenerative diseases are also described herein. Also provided are methods for treating disease by modulating the redox state of a cell, and methods of treating a proliferative disease by administering a cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (GOT1) inhibitor.
1. A method of treating a disease by administering to a subject in need thereof alpha-ketobutyrate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF); mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke like symptoms (MELAS); Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS); chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO); lactic acidosis; Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON); Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; Leigh syndrome; neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP); myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE); and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke like symptoms (MELAS).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is lactic acidosis.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is Leigh syndrome.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP).
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE).
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease is mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS).
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human.