Apparatus and method for avoiding fluid bypass in particulate filters
A filter contains fluent particulate, such as carbon granules. The filter is divided into a plurality of cell chambers by walls, including an upper wall. The upper wall has a surface that faces, and is closest to, the top surface of the particles. The upper wall surface is oriented so that, as the particles settle, any gap formed between the top surface of the particles and a portion of the upper wall surface will not extend from the upstream to the downstream sides of the filter. Instead, contact is maintained between the top surface of the particles and the upper wall surface during fluid flow through the filter, and therefore any gas flowing through the frame must flow through, and through spaces around, particles. An angle between the upper wall surface and the flow direction of gas striking the filter is greater than about three degrees.
1. A filtration apparatus containing fluent particles that chemically modify compounds in gases that make contact with the particles, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a frame divided into a plurality of cell chambers, each cell chamber containing a quantity of the particles, each cell chamber defined by at least an upper wall that is positioned above a top surface of the respective quantity of the particles when the frame is oriented substantially vertically in operable orientation, the upper wall having an upper wall surface that faces, and contacts, at least a portion of the top surface of the respective quantity of particles; and
(b) the upper wall surface forms an angle with an upstream face of the frame that is greater than about 93 degrees, and the upstream face of the frame contacts the respective quantity of the particles, thereby forcing all gas flowing through the frame to flow in contact with at least some of the particles.
2. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 1 , wherein each cell chamber is further defined by a lower wall that is positioned below the quantity of the particles when the frame is oriented substantially vertically in operable orientation and lateral walls positioned on opposite sides of the quantity of the particles, and at least the lateral walls have surfaces that are substantially perpendicular to the upstream face of the frame.
3. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 2 , wherein a first fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the upstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber, and a second fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the downstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber.
4. A filtration apparatus containing fluent particles that chemically modify compounds in gases that make contact with the particles, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a frame divided into a plurality of cell chambers, each cell chamber containing a quantity of the particles, each cell chamber defined by at least an upper wall that is positioned above a top surface of the respective quantity of the particles when the frame is oriented substantially vertically, the upper wall having an upper wall surface that faces, and contacts, at least a portion of the top surface of the respective quantity of particles; and
(b) the upper wall surface forms an angle with gas flowing through the frame that is greater than about 3 degrees, and the upstream face of the frame contacts the respective quantity of the particles, thereby forcing all gas flowing through the frame to flow in contact with at least some of the particles.
5. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 4 , wherein each cell chamber is further defined by a lower wall that is positioned below the quantity of the particles when the frame is oriented substantially vertically in operable orientation and lateral walls positioned on opposite sides of the quantity of the particles, and at least the lateral walls have surfaces that are substantially perpendicular to the upstream face of the frame.
6. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 5 , wherein a first fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the upstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber, and a second fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the downstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber.
7. A filtration apparatus containing fluent particles that chemically modify compounds in gases that make contact with the particles, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a vertical frame divided into a plurality of cell chambers, each cell chamber containing a quantity of the particles, each cell chamber defined by at least an upper wall that is positioned above a top surface of the respective quantity of the particles, the upper wall having an upper wall surface that faces, and contacts, at least a portion of the top surface of the respective quantity of particles; and
(b) the upper wall surface forms an angle with vertical that is greater than about 93 degrees, thereby forcing all gas flowing through the frame to flow in contact with at least some of the particles.
8. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 7 , wherein each cell chamber is further defined by a lower wall that is positioned below the quantity of the particles when the frame is oriented substantially vertically in operable orientation and lateral walls positioned on opposite sides of the quantity of the particles, and at least the lateral walls have surfaces that are substantially perpendicular to the upstream face of the frame.
9. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 8 , wherein a first fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the upstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber, and a second fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the downstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber.
10. A filtration apparatus containing fluent particles that chemically modify compounds in gases that make contact with the particles, the apparatus comprising: (a) a substantially vertical frame divided into a plurality of cell chambers, each cell chamber containing a quantity of the particles, each cell chamber defined by at least an upper wall that is spaced from a top surface of the quantity of particles, the upper wall having an upper wall surface that faces, and contacts at least a portion of the top surface of the respective quantity of particles; and (b) the upper wall surface has a shape and orientation that, if the quantity of particles settles to space the respective top surface of the quantity of particles away from a first portion of the upper wall surface, at least a second portion of the upper wall surface maintains contact with the respective top surface of the quantity of particles, thereby forcing all gas flowing through the frame to flow in contact with at least some of the particles, wherein the upper wall surface is oriented relative to the flow of gas striking the frame by at least three degrees.
11. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 10 , wherein each cell chamber is further defined by a lower wall that is positioned below the quantity of the particles when the frame is oriented substantially vertically in operable orientation and lateral walls positioned on opposite sides of the quantity of the particles, and at least the lateral walls have surfaces that are substantially perpendicular to the upstream face of the frame.
12. The filtration apparatus in accordance with claim 11 , wherein a first fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the upstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber, and a second fluid-permeable media layer that is impermeable to the fluent particles is mounted on the downstream side of the frame to retain the particles in each cell chamber.