Method for disinfecting a fluid with a palladium-doped tungsten trioxide photo-catalyst
The present disclosure relates to a method of disinfecting a fluid comprising at least one live microbial organism. The method includes contacting the fluid comprising the at least one microbial organism with an effective amount of a photo-catalyst while exposing the fluid and the photo-catalyst to light from at least one light source with a wavelength of about 300-550 nm to reduce the number of the at least one live microbial organism to a predetermined level. The photo-catalyst comprises tungsten trioxide nanoparticles doped with palladium nanoparticles, and the palladium nanoparticles are present in an amount of about 0.1-5% of the total weight of the tungsten trioxide nanoparticles and the palladium nanoparticles.
1. A method of disinfecting a fluid comprising at least one live microbial organism, the method comprising:
contacting the fluid comprising the at least one microbial organism with an effective amount of a photo-catalyst while exposing the fluid and the photo-catalyst to light from at least one light source with a wavelength of about 300-550 nm to reduce the number of the at least one live microbial organism to a predetermined level,
wherein the photo-catalyst comprises tungsten trioxide nanoparticles doped with palladium nanoparticles,
wherein the palladium nanoparticles are present in an amount of about 0.1-5% of the total weight of the tungsten trioxide nanoparticles and the palladium nanoparticles, and
wherein the tungsten trioxide nanoparticles doped with the palladium nanoparticles have a first band gap energy, tungsten trioxide nanoparticles which are not doped with palladium nanoparticles have a second band gap energy, and wherein the difference between the first band gap energy and the second band gap energy is less than 10% of the second band gap energy.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the palladium nanoparticles have a spheroid shape with an average particle diameter of about 4-17 nm.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one live microbial organism is at least one selected from the group consisting of bacteria, a virus, bacterial spores, protozoa, and fungi.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one light source is at least one selected from the group consisting of a laser light source, a light emitting diode, a low pressure mercury lamp, a medium pressure mercury lamp, a high pressure mercury lamp, a xenon lamp, a fluorescent lamp, an incandescent lamp, a sodium vapor lamp, a halogen lamp, a noble gas discharge, a flame, and sunlight.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tungsten trioxide nanoparticles have an average particle size of 60-100 nm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tungsten trioxide nanoparticles have a plate and/or cylindrical shape.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tungsten trioxide nanoparticles doped with the palladium nanoparticles have a lower photoluminescence intensity at a wavelength of 400-500 nm than tungsten trioxide nanoparticles which are not doped with palladium nanoparticles.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid further comprises at least one hydrocarbon, and the live microbial organism is a sulfate-reducing bacterium.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the effective amount of the photo-catalyst ranges from about 0.5 mg/ml to 1.5 mg/ml of the fluid.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the fluid is treated with at least one selected from the group consisting of oxygen, ozone, and a peroxide before and/or during the contacting and the exposing.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the fluid is contacted with the photo-catalyst and exposed to the light at a temperature of about 4-100° C. and a pressure of about 0.1-100 bar.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the photo-catalyst is disposed on a surface of a substrate to form a photo-catalyst/substrate composite.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the substrate comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of glass, stone, masonry, a metal, wood, a plastic, concrete, fibers, textiles, yarns, a ceramic, alumina, carbon, silica, an organic polymer, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, zirconium, and tungsten carbide.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the photo-catalyst/substrate composite is disposed in a fixed bed reactor or fluidized bed reactor and the contacting involves passing the fluid through the fixed bed reactor or fluidized bed reactor.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the fixed bed reactor comprises a cartridge.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the fixed bed reactor or fluidized reactor further comprises at least one adsorbent selected from the group consisting of activated carbon, graphite, activated alumina, a molecular sieve, aluminophosphate material, silicoaluminophosphate material, zeolites, faujasite, clinoptilolite, mordenite, metal-exchanged silicoaluminophosphate, uni-polar resin, bi-polar resin, aromatic cross-linked polystyrenic matrix, brominated aromatic matrix, acrylic polymer, acrylic copolymer, methacrylic polymer, methacrylic copolymer, hydroxyalkyl acrylate, hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, adsorbent carbonaceous material, adsorbent graphitic material, carbon fiber material, nano-material, adsorbent metal salts, alkaline earth metal metallic particles, ion exchange resin, linear polymers of glucose, and polyacrylamide.
17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the photo-catalyst from the fluid after the contacting and the exposing.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the photo-catalyst further comprises at least one co-catalyst selected from the group consisting of CuO, MoO 3 , Mn 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SrTiO 3 , KTaO 3 , SiC, KNbO 3 , SiO 2 , SnO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , NiO, Nb 2 O 5 , In 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , CeO, and CeO 2 .
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the co-catalyst is CeO 2 , and wherein the molar ratio of tungsten trioxide: CeO 2 in the photo-catalyst lies in the range of 1:5 to 5:1.