Differential expression of protein markers for the diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis

1. A method of detecting ALOX15 or a metabolite thereof, the method comprising

a) providing a tissue biopsy from a subject; and

b) measuring in said tissue biopsy an expression level of ALOX15 protein or a level of a metabolite of ALOX15 with an antibody specific for ALOX15 or the metabolite; wherein said tissue biopsy is isolated from an esophageal surgical biopsy or an esophageal luminal sample; and wherein said metabolite of ALOX15 comprises 15-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE), or 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE).

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring the expression of at least one additional protein in said tissue biopsy, wherein the additional protein comprises TNFAIP6, FLG, SLURP1, or CRISP3.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising detecting a level of IL-13, IL-5, IL-4, or IL-33.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said measuring comprises using immunohistochemistry or an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

5. A method of detecting ALOX15 or a metabolite thereof comprising

a) providing a biological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample is a population of esophageal cells;

b) detecting in said population of esophageal cells i) the expression of ALOX15 protein, or ii) the level of a metabolite of ALOX15 with an antibody specific for ALOX15 or for the metabolite; and

c) calculating the percentage of esophageal cells among said population of the esophageal cells that i) express the ALOX15 protein, or (ii) contain at least 4500 pg/mL of the metabolite of ALOX15,

wherein said metabolite of ALOX15 comprises 15-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE), or 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE.

6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising:

d) assigning an ALOX15 expression score to the subject,

wherein

0=no esophageal cells among said population of esophageal cells express ALOX15protein or fragment thereof, or ii) contain at least 4500 pg/mL of the metabolite of ALOX15,

1=less than 10% of esophageal cells among said population of esophageal cells i) express ALOX15 protein or fragment thereof or ii) contain at least 4500 pg/mL of the metabolite of ALOX15,

2=10-50% of esophageal cells among said population of esophageal cells i) express ALOX15 protein or fragment thereof or ii) contain at least 4500 pg/mL of the metabolite of ALOX15, and

3=more than 50% of esophageal cells among said population of esophageal cells i) express ALOX15 protein or fragment thereof or ii) contain at least 4500 pg/mL of the metabolite of ALOX15.

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein said population of esophageal cells is isolated from an esophageal biopsy.

8. The method of claim 5 , wherein said population of esophageal cells is isolated from the proximal esophagus, the distal esophagus, or both the proximal and distal esophagus.

9. The method of claim 5 , wherein said detecting comprises using immunohistochemistry or an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the metabolite of ALOX15 comprises 15-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE).

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the level of metabolite comprises a concentration of at least 4500 pg/mL of 15-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE).

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the level of metabolite comprises a concentration of at least 7500 pg/mL of 15-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE).

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tissue biopsy comprises:

a) superficial clustering of eosinophils not detected per high power field (HPF);

b) an eosinophil count of less than 15 eosinophils per high power field (HPF);

c) basal cell hyperplasia not detected per high power field (HPF); and

d) eosinophilic degranulation not detected per high power field (HPF).

14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing an additional tissue biopsy from the subject, wherein the tissue biopsy comprises one or more of:

a) superficial clustering of eosinophils not detected per high power field (HPF);

b) an eosinophil count of less than 15 eosinophils per high power field (HPF);

c) basal cell hyperplasia not detected per high power field (HPF); and

d) eosinophilic degranulation not detected per high power field (HPF), wherein said additional tissue biopsy is isolated from an esophageal surgical biopsy or an esophageal luminal sample.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the tissue biopsy comprises cells from the proximal esophagus, and wherein the cells from the proximal esophagus comprise:

a) superficial clustering of eosinophils not detected per high power field (HPF);

b) an eosinophil count of less than 15 eosinophils per high power field (HPF);

c) basal cell hyperplasia not detected per high power field (HPF); and

d) eosinophilic degranulation not detected per high power field (HPF).

16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the tissue biopsy comprises an eosinophil count of less than 15 eosinophils per HPF, and wherein the tissue biopsy comprises cells from the proximal esophagus, cells from the distal esophagus, or cells from both the proximal and distal esophagus.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the cells from the proximal esophagus comprise an eosinophil count of less than 15 eosinophils per HPF.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the cells from the distal esophagus comprise an eosinophil count of at least 15 eosinophils per HPF.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the cells from the proximal and distal esophagus comprise an eosinophil count of less than 15 eosinophils per HPF.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is less than 26 years old.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method does not comprise isolating, purifying, or both isolating and purifying RNA from the subject.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring step is performed by a computer.

23. A method of detecting at least one of ALOX15, TNFAIP6, FLG, SLURP1 and CRISP3, the method comprising:

a) providing a tissue biopsy from a subject;

b) measuring in said tissue biopsy the expression of at least one of: ALOX15, TNFAIP6, FLG, SLURP1 and CRISP3, with an antibody specific for ALOX15, TNFAIP6, FLG, SLURP1, or CRISP3 wherein said tissue biopsy is isolated from an esophageal biopsy.

24. The method of claim 23 , comprising measuring the expression of at least two of ALOX15, TNFAIP6, FLG, SLURP1 and CRISP3.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the at least two proteins comprise ALOX15 and TNFAIP6.

26. The method of claim 23 , comprising measuring the expression of at least four of ALOX15, TNFAIP6, FLG, SLURP1 and CRISP3.

27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the at least four proteins comprise ALOX15, TNFAIP6, FLG, and SLURP1.

28. The method of claim 23 , wherein said measuring step comprises using immunohistochemistry or ELISA.

29. The method of claim 23 , further comprising measuring in said tissue biopsy the concentration of a metabolite of ALOX15, wherein the metabolite of ALOX15 comprises 15-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE), or 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE).

30. The method of claim 23 , wherein the measuring step is performed by a computer.

31. The method of claim 1 , claim 5 or claim 23 , further comprising administering to the subject a steroid, an inhibitor of ALOX15, or both a steroid and an inhibitor of ALOX15.