Crumpled graphene-encapsulated nanostructures and lithium ion battery anodes made therefrom
Capsules comprising crumpled graphene sheets that form a crumpled graphene shell encapsulating an internal cargo comprising nanostructures of a second component are provided. Also provided are anode materials for lithium ion batteries comprising the capsules, wherein the nanostructures are composed of an electrochemically active material, such as silicon.
1. A material comprising a layer of capsules, the capsules each comprising:
a crumpled graphene shell comprising graphene sheets having a crumpled morphology; and
silicon nanostructures encapsulated within the crumpled graphene shell,
wherein:
the crumpled graphene shell is configured to encapsulate the silicon nanostructures, such that when the material is disposed in an electrolyte, the crumpled graphene shell prevents contact between the silicon nanostructures and a solvent of the electrolyte, and wherein the average size of the capsules is less than 1 μm; and
when incorporated in a lithium-ion cell at a silicon to graphene weight ratio of 60:40, the material has an initial coulombic efficiency of at least 73%, after an initial charge-discharge cycle at a current density of 1 A/g, and the material retains a charge capacity of at least 83% after 250 consecutive cycles at a charge voltage of 2V and a current density of 1 A/g.
2. The material of claim 1 , wherein the graphene sheets are micron-sized graphene sheets that form crumpled ball structures that isolate and completely encapsulate the silicon nanostructures.
3. The material of claim 1 , wherein the silicon nanostructures are nanoparticles having diameters in the range from about 50 nm to about 100 nm.
4. A lithium ion battery comprising:
an anode comprising the material of claim 1 ;
a solid electrolyte interface layer disposed only on outer surfaces of crumpled graphene shells of the material and not on outer surfaces of the silicon nanostructures;
a counter electrode; and
an electrolyte in electrical communication with the anode and the counter electrode,
wherein the battery retains a charge capacity of at least 83% after 250 consecutive cycles at a charge voltage of 2V and a current density of 1 A/g.
5. The battery of claim 4 , wherein the anode further comprises a binder.
6. The battery of claim 4 , wherein the battery has a coulombic efficiency that approaches about 99% after 20 cycles at a charge voltage of 2V and a current density of 1 A/g.
7. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the battery has a coulombic efficiency that approaches about 99% after 10 cycles at a charge voltage of 2V and a current density of 1 A/g.
8. The battery of claim 7 , wherein the battery has a coulombic efficiency that approaches about 99% after 5 cycles at a charge voltage of 2V and a current density of 1 A/g.
9. The material of claim 1 wherein the graphene sheets comprise graphene oxide sheets.
10. The material of claim 1 wherein the capsules have a mass fraction of silicon nanostructures of from about 50 percent to about 60 percent.
11. The material of claim 1 wherein the crumpled graphene shell has a fractal-dimensional ball structure.
12. The material of claim 11 wherein the fractal-dimensional ball structure has a fractal dimension from about 2 to about 3.
13. The material of claim 1 wherein a plurality of ridges extend outwardly from an outer surface of the crumpled graphene shell.
14. The material of claim 13 wherein the ridges of crumpled graphene shells are arranged in a π-π stacked structure.
15. A material comprising capsules, each capsule comprising:
a shell structure encapsulating a void space and comprising graphene sheets having a crumpled morphology; and
silicon nanostructures disposed inside the crumpled shell structure and in the void space,
wherein when incorporated in a lithium-ion cell, the material has a coulombic efficiency that approaches about 99% after 20 cycles at a charge voltage of 2V and a current density of 1 A/g, and the material retains a charge capacity of at least 83% after 250 cycles at a charge voltage of 2V and a current density of 1 A/g, and
wherein the average size of the capsules is less than 1 μm.
16. The material of claim 15 wherein the void space is devoid of graphene sheets.
17. The material of claim 15 wherein the graphene sheets comprise graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, or a combination thereof.
18. The material of claim 15 wherein the enclosed shell structure defines a single void space that is devoid of graphene sheets and within which the silicon nanostructures are disposed.