Method of tracing chemical quantities using encapsulated fluorescent dyes
The invention provides methods and compositions for utilizing encapsulated tracer dyes in difficult liquids such as wastewater or with highly reactive treatment chemicals such as aluminum-based coagulants. In difficult liquids or highly reactive treatment chemicals even so-called “inert” tracers end up reacting and their fluorescence changes. As a result they are inconsistent and cannot be used to measure the amount of treatment chemical present. But by encapsulating the tracer dyes, even non inert tracer dyes become inert and they can reliably be used to measure the amount of treatment chemical present even if highly reactive or in a difficult liquid.
1. A method of treating wastewater comprising introducing into wastewater (a) an aluminum salt and (b) an encapsulated tracer comprising a capsule encapsulating a core, the core comprising a xanthene derivative selected from Rhodamine WT and Rhodamine B, and the capsule comprising a polyethhylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide (“PEO-PPO-PEO”) tri-block copolymer, the encapsulated tracer introduced into the wastewater in a dosage such that the amount of aluminum salt introduced to the wastewater can be determined from fluorescence of the xanthene derivative present in the encapsulated tracer, wherein the xanthene derivative and the PEO-PPO-PEO tri-block copolymer are present in the encapsulated tracer at a ratio of from 1:20 to 3:10 by weight, and the wastewater has a pH of 6 or less.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the wastewater has a pH of from about 2 to 6.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the wastewater has a pH of from about 3 to 6.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing into wastewater an iron salt.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the iron salt comprises ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, or a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum salt comprises aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chloride hydrate, or a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum salt is polyaluminum chloride.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic coagulant and the encapsulated tracer are introduced into the wastewater at a primary treatment stage.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic coagulant and the encapsulated tracer are introduced into the wastewater at a secondary treatment stage.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring fluorometric properties of the xanthene derivative and correlating the measured fluorometric properties with an amount of inorganic coagulant present in the wastewater.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core further comprises a derivative of oxazine, cyanine, styryl, coumarin, porphin, nanocrystal, perylene, phthalocyanine, or a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the xanthene derivative is selected from rhodamine WT, sulforhodamine B, rhodamine B, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic coagulant and the encapsulated tracer are introduced into the wastewater as a liquid treatment chemical.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the liquid treatment chemical further comprises an agent selected from a flocculant, an anti-scaling agent, an anti-corrosion agent, a biocide, an oxygen scavenger, a hardness removal agent, or a combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the liquid treatment chemical further comprises a flocculant.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the liquid treatment chemical further comprises an organic coagulant.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the organic coagulant is selected from a polyamine, a polyquatemary, poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (“polyDADMAC”), epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine (“Epi-DMA”), or a combination thereof.