Multi-element liquid metal battery

1. An electrochemical cell configured to exchange energy with an external device, the electrochemical cell comprising:

a negative electrode comprising at least a first active metal and a second active metal;

a positive electrode comprising a metal or alloy; and

a molten salt electrolyte comprising a first cation of the first active metal and a second cation of the second active metal, the electrolyte defining first and second interfaces, the positive electrode being in contact with the electrolyte at the first interface and the negative electrode being in contact with the electrolyte at the second interface, the electrolyte configured to allow the cations of the first and second active metals to be transferred from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharging and to be transferred from the positive electrode to the negative electrode during charging,

wherein

the electrolyte exists as a liquid phase and the negative electrode and the positive electrode exist as liquid or partially liquid phases at operating temperatures of the electrochemical cell,

the first active metal is calcium, and

the second active metal is an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the second active metal includes an alkali metal.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 , wherein the alkali metal is lithium.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode further includes an alkaline earth metal diluent.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 , wherein the alkaline earth metal diluent is magnesium.

6. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 , wherein the electrolyte includes a halide salt of the alkali metal and a halide salt of calcium.

7. The electrochemical cell of claim 6 , wherein the alkali metal includes lithium.

8. The electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the electrolyte includes lithium chloride and calcium chloride.

9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode includes a calcium-magnesium-lithium alloy, the electrolyte includes a lithium salt and a calcium salt, and both calcium and lithium are active metals.

10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cation of the active metals is selected from the group consisting of halides, oxides, chalcogenides, perchlorates, sulfates, sulfites, carbonates, nitrates, nitrites, hydroxides and combinations thereof.

11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode is selected from the group consisting of bismuth, lead, antimony, zinc, tin, magnesium, and combinations thereof.

12. A method of exchanging electrical energy with an external circuit, the method comprising:

providing an electrochemical cell according to claim 1 ;

connecting the electrochemical cell to the external circuit; and

operating the external circuit so as to drive transfer of the calcium and second active metal between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the second active metal is an alkali metal.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the electrolyte includes a halide salt of the alkali metal and a halide salt of calcium.

15. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the external circuit comprises a load, a power transmission line, an electric power plant, a renewable energy source, or combinations thereof.

16. The electrochemical cell of claim 9 , wherein the lithium salt is a lithium halide and the calcium salt is a calcium halide.

17. The electrochemical cell of claim 9 , wherein the calcium-magnesium-lithium alloy is formed by discharging an electrochemical cell comprising: a negative electrode comprising calcium and magnesium, and an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt and a calcium salt.