Electrical substance clearance from the brain for treatment of alzheimer's disease
Apparatus is provided that includes a parenchymal electrode, configured to be implanted in brain parenchyma of a subject identified as at risk of or suffering from Alzheimer's disease; and a ventricular electrode, configured to be implanted in a ventricular system of a brain of the subject. Control circuitry is configured to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear a substance from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system. Other embodiments are also described.
1. Apparatus comprising:
a parenchymal electrode, configured to be implanted in brain parenchyma of a subject identified as at risk of or suffering from Alzheimer's disease;
a ventricular electrode, configured to be implanted in a ventricular system of a brain of the subject; and
control circuitry, configured to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear a substance from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system by applying direct current between the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes with an average amplitude of no more than 5 mA, the substance comprising one or more substances selected from the group of substances consisting of: amyloid beta, tau protein, and metal ions,
wherein the control circuitry is configured to:
apply the direct current as a series of pulses,
drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the substance by applying a voltage between the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes during each of the pulses,
measure a current resulting from application of voltage during each of the pulses, and
terminate the pulse upon the measured current falling below a threshold value.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the substance includes amyloid beta, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the amyloid beta from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the substance includes tau protein, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the tau protein from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to configure the parenchymal electrode to be a cathode, and the ventricular electrode to be an anode.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the substance by applying the direct current as non-excitatory current between the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply the direct current as the series of pulses having an average pulse duration of between 100 milliseconds and 300 seconds.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to set an average pulse duration of the series of pulses to be at least 10 milliseconds.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply the series of pulses at a frequency of between 1 and 10 Hz.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the threshold value is based on an initial current magnitude measured upon commencement of the pulse.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control circuitry is configured to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the substance by electrophoretically driving the substance from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system.
11. A method comprising:
implanting a parenchymal electrode in brain parenchyma of a subject identified as at risk of or suffering from Alzheimer's disease;
implanting a ventricular electrode in a ventricular system of a brain of the subject; and
activating control circuitry to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to electrophoretically drive a substance from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system by applying non-excitatory direct current between the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes with an average amplitude of no more than 5 mA, the substance comprising one or more substances selected from the group of substances consisting of: amyloid beta, tau protein, and metal ions.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the substance includes amyloid beta, and wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the amyloid beta from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system.
13. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the substance includes tau protein, and wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the tau protein from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular system.
14. The method according to claim 11 , wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to configure the parenchymal electrode to be a cathode, and the ventricular electrode to be an anode.
15. The method according to claim 11 , wherein activating the control circuitry to apply the direct current comprises activating the control circuitry to apply the direct current as a series of pulses.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein activating the control circuitry to apply the direct current as the series of pulses comprises activating the control circuitry to apply the direct current as the series of pulses having an average pulse duration of between 100 milliseconds and 300 seconds.
17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein activating the control circuitry to drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes comprises activating the control circuitry to:
drive the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes to clear the substance by applying a voltage between the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes during each of the pulses,
measure a current resulting from application of voltage during each of the pulses, and
terminate the pulse upon the measured current falling below a threshold value.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the threshold value is based on an initial current magnitude measured upon commencement of the pulse.
19. The method according to claim 15 , wherein activating the control circuitry to apply the direct current as the series of pulses comprises activating the control circuitry to set an average pulse duration of the series of pulses to be at least 10 milliseconds.
20. The method according to claim 15 , wherein activating the control circuitry comprises activating the control circuitry to apply the series of pulses at a frequency of between 1 and 10 Hz.
21. The method according to claim 11 , wherein implanting the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes comprises implanting the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes such that an area of build-up of the substance is between the parenchymal and the ventricular electrodes.
22. The method according to claim 11 , wherein implanting the parenchymal electrode comprises implanting the parenchymal electrode such that an area of build-up of the substance is between the parenchymal electrode and an area of the ventricular system nearest the area of build-up.