Phase locked loops
This application relates to methods and apparatus for phase locked loops. A phase-and-frequency detector ( 101 ) receives a reference clock signal (CK ref ) and a feedback signal (S FB ) and outputs a first adjustment signal (U) that is modulated between respective first and second signal levels to provide control pulses indicating that an increase in frequency required for phase and frequency lock, and a second adjustment signal (D) that is modulated between respective first and second signal levels to provide control pulses indicating that a decrease in frequency required for phase and frequency lock. First and second time-to-digital converters ( 201 - 1 and 201 - 2 ) receive the first and second adjustment signals respectively and output respective first and second digital signals indicative of the duration of said control pulses. Each time-to-digital converter comprises a controlled-oscillator ( 401, 801 ) configured so as to operate at a first frequency when the respective adjustment signal is at the first signal level and operate at a second frequency when the respective adjustment signal is at the second signal level and a counter ( 403 ) configured to produce a count value of the number oscillations of the controlled-oscillator in each of a succession of count periods defined by a count clock signal. The first and second digital signals are based on the count values output from the respective counters. The difference between the first and second digital signals may be determined and input to digital loop filter ( 203 ) before driving numerically-controlled-oscillator ( 204 ) to produce the output signal.
1. A phase-locked-loop apparatus comprising:
a phase-and-frequency detector configured to:
receive a reference clock signal and a feedback signal; and
output first adjustment signal that is modulated between respective first and second signal levels to provide control pulses indicating that an increase in frequency required for phase and frequency lock, and
output a second adjustment signal that is modulated between respective first and second signal levels to provide control pulses indicating that a decrease in frequency required for phase and frequency lock; and
first and second time-to-digital converters configured to respectively receive the first and second adjustment signals respectively and output respective first and second digital signals indicative of the duration of said control pulses;
wherein each time-to-digital converter comprises:
a controlled-oscillator configured so as to operate at a first frequency when the respective adjustment signal is at the first signal level and operate at a second frequency when the respective adjustment signal is at the second signal level; and
a counter configured to produce a count value of the number oscillations of the controlled-oscillator in each of a succession of count periods defined by a count clock signal; and
wherein said first and second digital signals are based on the count values output from the respective counters.
2. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein each time-to-digital converter further comprises circuitry configured to receive and combine the count values from the counter over a plurality of count periods and produce the respective first or second digital signal at a sample rate which is slower than the count clock signal.
3. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein each time-to-digital converter further comprises circuitry configured to normalise the count values from one or more count periods to a predetermined range.
4. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein each time-to-digital converter further comprises a controller for receiving the respective adjustment signal and generating a control signal for the controlled oscillator based on the adjustment signal.
5. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the controlled oscillator of each time-to-digital converter comprises a voltage-controlled-oscillator.
6. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 5 , wherein each time-to-digital converter further comprises a controller for receiving the respective adjustment signal and generating a control signal for the controlled oscillator based on the adjustment signal and wherein said controller is configured to connect the voltage-controlled-oscillator to a first defined voltage when the adjustment signal is at the first signal level and connect the voltage-controlled-oscillator to a second defined voltage when the respective adjustment signal is at the second signal level.
7. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein the voltage-controlled-oscillator of each time-to-digital converter comprises a ring oscillator.
8. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein the ring oscillator comprises a series of inverters and at least one of said inverters comprises at least one transistor configured to receive a control voltage which varies with the signal level of the respective adjustment signal so as to vary a delay time of said inverter, wherein said transistor is configured such that the control voltage is received at a bulk terminal of the transistor which is not directly coupled to the source or drain terminals of the transistor.
9. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein said at least one inverter is configured to receive a supply voltage of less than 0.5V.
10. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein the voltage-controlled-oscillator is configured as a bulk driven voltage-controlled-oscillator.
11. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the controlled oscillator of each time-to-digital converter comprises a current-controlled-oscillator.
12. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the phase-and-frequency detector comprises:
first and second outputs for outputting the first and second adjustment signals respectively;
a first latch configured to receive the reference clock signal and latch the first output to the first signal level at an instance of a predetermined transition in the reference clock signal and to remain at said first signal level until reset;
a second latch configured to receive the feedback signal and latch the second output to the first signal level at an instance of a predetermined transition in the feedback signal and to remain at said first signal level until reset; and
a reset element configured to reset the first and second latches when the first and second outputs are both at the first signal level.
13. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a numerically controlled oscillator and a digital processing block, wherein the digital processing block is configured to receive the first and second digital signals and control the numerically controlled oscillator based on the first and second digital signals.
14. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein the digital processing block comprises a first digital combiner configured to combine the first and second digital signals to generate a difference signal based on the difference between the first and second digital signals.
15. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 14 wherein the digital processing block comprises a second digital combiner configured to combine the first and second digital signals to generate a common mode output based on the sum of the first and second digital signals.
16. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein the numerically controlled oscillator comprises a digital-to-analogue converter configured to receive a signal from the digital processing block and a voltage controlled oscillator driven by the output of the digital-to-analogue converter.
17. A phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein the numerically controlled oscillator comprises a ring oscillator with one or more variable capacitances connected between stages of the ring oscillator, wherein the variable capacitances are configured to be varied based on a signal from the digital processing block.
18. An electronic device comprising a phase-locked-loop apparatus as claimed in claim 1 .
19. A phase-locked-loop comprising:
an input for receiving a reference clock signal;
an output for outputting an output signal;
a phase-and-frequency detector configured to receive the reference clock signal and a feedback signal derived from the output signal and generate control pulses at an first adjustment output to increase the frequency of the output signal and to generate control pulses at a second adjustment output to decrease the frequency of the output signal;
first and second time-to-digital converters coupled to the first and second adjustment outputs respectively, each time-to-digital converter comprising a controlled oscillator configured to operate at a first frequency during a control pulse at the respective adjustment output or otherwise operate at a second, different frequency and a counter configured to count the number of oscillations of the controlled-oscillator and output a digital signal based on said count value;
a combiner configured to receive the digital signals output from the first and second time-to-digital converters and determine a digital difference signal;
a digital filter configured to filter the digital difference signal; and
a numerically-controlled-oscillator configured to be controlled by the filtered digital difference signal to output the output signal.
20. A phase-locked loop apparatus comprising:
first and second time-to-digital converters configured to receive up and down adjustment signals respectively from a phase-and-frequency detector;
wherein each time-to-digital converter comprises a controlled-oscillator configured to be controlled by the signal level of the respective adjustment signal;
wherein each said controlled-oscillator is configured to be controlled to operate at one or other of two oscillation frequencies by the signal level of the respective adjustment signal.