Acoustic anisotropy and imaging by means of high resolution azimuthal sampling
In an acoustic logging system utilizing one or more acoustic sources, each with a specified radiation pattern around a source orientation, an acoustic signal is transmitted into a formation with a source oriented in a first source orientation. An acoustic waveform is received in response with a receiver oriented in a first direction. The slowness of the formation in the first direction is calculated using the received acoustic waveform.
1. A method comprising:
deploying an acoustic logging tool in a borehole having a borehole wall, the acoustic logging tool having:
a longitudinal tool body,
an X-axis acoustic source coupled to the longitudinal tool body,
a Y-axis acoustic source coupled to the longitudinal tool body,
an X-axis acoustic receiver coupled to the longitudinal tool body,
a Y-axis acoustic receiver coupled to the longitudinal tool body, and
a caliper to measure an X distance from the X-axis acoustic receiver to the borehole wall and a Y-distance from the Y-axis acoustic receiver to the borehole wall;
firing the X-axis acoustic source to produce X-axis surface waves on the borehole wall and receiving the X-axis surface waves at the X-axis acoustic receiver to produce an XX waveform and at the Y-axis acoustic receiver to produce an XY waveform;
firing the Y-axis acoustic source to produce Y-axis surface waves on the borehole wall and receiving the Y-axis surface waves at the X-axis acoustic receiver to produce a YX waveform and at the Y-axis acoustic receiver to produce a YY waveform;
removing delay caused by the transit of the X-axis surface waves and the Y-axis surface waves from the borehole wall to the X-axis acoustic receiver and the Y-axis acoustic receiver from the XX waveforms, the XY waveforms, the YX waveforms, and the YY waveforms using the X distance and the Y distance measured by the caliper to produce a corrected XX waveform, a corrected XY waveform, a corrected YX waveform, and a corrected YY waveform; and
calculating a waveform function for waveforms at all azimuths around the longitudinal tool body using the corrected XX waveform, the corrected XY waveform, the corrected YX waveform, and the corrected YY waveform.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
calculating, using the waveform function, semblance functions at a plurality of azimuths around the longitudinal tool body.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising:
identifying a dominant peak in the semblance functions as a slowness for the respective azimuth.
4. The method of claim 3 further comprising:
using the calculated slowness of the formation in the respected azimuths to determine the anisotropy of a formation.
5. The method of claim 3 further comprising:
using the calculated slowness in the respective azimuths to determine the direction in which to fracture a formation.
6. The method of claim 3 further comprising:
using the calculated slowness in the respective azimuths to identify an approaching bed.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising:
steering a tool away from the approaching bed.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the waveform function is:
w (θ)=cos 2 (θ)(corrected XX waveform)+cos θ sinθ(corrected XY wave form+corrected YX wave form)+sin 2 (θ)(corrected YY wave form);
where θ is azimuth.
9. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
rotating the acoustic logging tool in the borehole by an azimuth amount φ and repeating firing, receiving, and adjusting to produce a corrected XX-φ waveform, a corrected XY-φ waveform, a corrected YX-φ waveform, and a corrected YY-φ waveform; and
including the corrected XX-φ waveform, the corrected XY-φ waveform, the corrected YX-φ waveform, and the corrected YY-φ waveform in the calculation of the waveform function.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
rotating the acoustic logging tool in the borehole by N azimuth amounts (where N may be 1 ) φ i , i =1, N and at each φ i repeating firing, receiving and removing delay caused by the transit of the X-axis surface waves and the Y-axis surface waves from the borehole wall to the X-axis acoustic receiver and the Y-axis acoustic receiver from the XX waveforms, the XY waveforms, the YX waveforms, and the YY waveforms using the X distance and the Y distance measured by the caliper to produce at each value of φ i a corrected XX waveform XX i a corrected XY waveform XY i a corrected YX waveform YX i , and a corrected YY waveform YY i .
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the waveform function is:
w (φ, i)=cos 2 (θ−φ i ) XX i +cos(θ−φ i )sin(θ−φ i )( XY i + YX i )+sin 2 (θ−φ i ) YY i ;
where θ is azimuth.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the X-axis acoustic source and the Y-axis acoustic source are cross-dipole sources.