Mixed material cathode for secondary alkaline batteries

1. A battery comprising:

a housing;

an electrolyte disposed in the housing;

an anode disposed in the housing;

a cathode disposed in the housing, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode material, and

wherein the cathode material comprises:

a manganese oxide compound comprising birnessite-phase manganese dioxide(δ-MnO 2 );

a bismuth compound comprising bismuth; and

a copper compound comprising copper, wherein the birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 ) has a layered nanostructure, and wherein the birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 ) comprises the bismuth and the copper in the layered nanostructure such that the birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 ) is doped with the bismuth and copper.

2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the layered structure comprises a lamellar nanostructure, and the bismuth and the copper arc ion exchanged within the lamellar nanostructure of the birnessite phase manganese dioxide (δ-Mn 0 2 ).

3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode material further comprises a conductive carbon, and wherein the conductive carbon is selected from the group consisting of: graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, single wailed carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphyne, graphene oxide, and combinations thereof.

4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode material comprises between 1 wt. % and 20 wt. % of the bismuth.

5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode material comprises between 1 wt. % and 70 wt. % of the copper.

6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode material comprises greater than 0 wt. % and less than or equal to 30 wt. % of a conductive carbon; between 1 wt. % and 20 wt. % of the bismuth; between 1 wt. % and 70 wt. % of the copper compound; greater than 0 wt. % and less than or equal to 10 wt. % of a binder; and the balance being the manganese oxide compound.

7. A battery comprising:

a housing;

an electrolyte disposed in the housing;

an anode disposed in the housing;

a cathode disposed in the housing, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode material and a current collector, and wherein the cathode material comprises:

elemental copper;

a manganese oxide compound comprising birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 );

a bismuth compound comprising bismuth, wherein the birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 ) has a layered nanostructure, and wherein the bismuth is incorporated within the layered nanostructure of the birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 ) such that the birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 ) is doped with the bismuth, wherein the copper is incorporated into the birnessite-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO 2 );

a conductive carbon.

8. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the cathode material further comprises a conductive metal additive selected from the group consisting of: nickel, a nickel salt, a copper salt, silver, a silver salt, aluminum, an aluminum salt, gold, a gold salt, iron, an iron salt, tin, a tin salt, cobalt, a cobalt salt, platinum, a platinum salt, brass, bronze, and combinations thereof.

9. The battery as recited in claim 8 , wherein the conductive metal additive is present in the cathode material at a concentration that is greater than 0 wt. % and less than or equal to 20 wt. %.

10. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the bismuth compound is bismuth oxide.

11. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the elemental copper is in a powder form or a metallic support form, wherein the metallic support form comprises at least one of a mesh, a foil, an ingot, a sheet, or a wire.

12. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the conductive carbon is selected from the group consisting of: graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, single walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphyne, graphene oxide, and combinations thereof.

13. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the cathode material consists essentially of greater than 0 wt. % and less than or equal to 30 wt. % of the conductive carbon; between 1-20 wt. % of the bismuth compound; between 1-70 wt of the copper compound; greater than 0 wt. % and less than or equal to 10 wt. % of a binder; and the balance being the manganese oxide compound.

14. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the cathode has a porosity between 5-95%.

15. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the copper compound is a solid copper support.

16. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the battery is a secondary battery that is configured to be galvanostatically rechargeable for at least ten cycles.

17. The battery as recited in claim 7 , further comprising a polymeric separator between the anode and cathode.

18. The battery as recited in claim 17 , wherein the polymeric separator comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of: a cellulose film, a sintered polymer film, a hydrophilically modified polyolefin, and combinations thereof.

19. The battery as recited in claim 7 , wherein the cathode material further comprises a polytetrafluoroethylene binder.

20. The battery as recited in claim 1 , wherein the cathode material further comprises a cellulose-based hydrogel binder.

21. The battery as recited in claim 20 , wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of: methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxyehtylmethyl cellulose (HEMC), carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and combinations thereof.

22. The battery as recited in claim 20 , wherein the binder is crosslinked with a copolymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylacetate, polyaniline, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypyrrole, and combinations thereof.