Apparatus and method for superposition transmissions
Apparatuses, systems, and methods are described concerning a new type of superposition multiplexing transmission constellation (super-constellation): the Gray-mapped Non-uniform-capable Constellation (GNC). Apparatuses, systems, and methods for generating GNC super-constellations are described, as well as apparatuses, systems, and methods for receiving, demapping, and decoding transmissions using GNC super-constellations. Apparatuses, systems, and methods for selecting a type of superposition multiplexing transmission constellation based on various conditions are also described.
1. A method of selecting a superposition constellation comprising constellations of two or more user equipments (UEs), comprising:
determining which type of superposition constellation (super-constellation) to generate based at least on a power ratio among the two or more UEs, wherein one type of super-constellation is a Gray-mapped Non-uniform-capable Constellation (GNC), in which both the constituent constellations of the two or more UEs and a GNC super-constellation itself are Gray-mapped; and
generating the determined type of superposition constellation,
wherein the determined type of superposition constellation is the GNC super-constellation,
wherein generating the GNC super-constellation comprises mapping symbols in accordance with parameters p and q, which are positive real-valued numbers, of the super-constellation,
wherein q is inserted into a symbol mapping equation for the super-constellation symbols and is used to maintain a target power split between the two or more UEs, and
wherein p relates to unit constellation power and is applied to both a real part and an imaginary part of the symbol mapping equation for the super-constellation symbols.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining which type of super-constellation to generate comprises:
determining whether to perform bit-swapping among the two or more UEs in the super-constellation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining which type of super-constellation to generate is also based on at least one of target throughput, target Block Error Rate (BLER), Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) of at least one of the two or more UEs, and the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) rank of at least one of the two or more UEs.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining which type of super-constellation to generate comprises:
finding the type of super-constellation in a look-up table (LUT).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein, when the GNC super-constellation is determined, generating the GNC super-constellation further comprises:
finding one or more parameters of the GNC super-constellation in a look-up table (LUT).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the values of p and q are constrained by the constituent constellations of the two or more UEs and a superposition environment of the super-constellation.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein when p=q=1, distances between the super-constellation points are uniform.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein, when the two or more UEs comprise a near UE with constellation modulation order N n and a far UE with constellation modulation order N f , a super-constellation modulation order is represented as:
N s =N n *N f ,
wherein the symbol mapping equation for super-constellation symbol x is represented as:
x={√{square root over (C)}/p [real part]+ j [imaginary part]}, j =√{square root over (−1)},
where C is a power constraint value.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein, when the two or more UEs are a far and a near UE, both using Quaternary Phase Key Shifting (QPSK) modulation, the result is a 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
p
(
1
-
2
b
0
)
[
2
-
q
(
1
-
2
b
2
)
]
+
j
p
(
1
-
2
b
1
)
[
2
-
q
(
1
-
2
b
3
)
]
}
where C is a power constraint value.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two or more UEs are a far and a near UE and wherein:
when the far UE uses 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and the near UE uses Quaternary Phase Key Shifting (QPSK) modulation, the result is a 64-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
p
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
F
)
[
2
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
]
]
+
j
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
p
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
F
)
[
2
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
1
N
)
]
]
}
;
when the far UE uses QPSK modulation and the near UE uses 16-QAM modulation, the result is a 64-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
p
[
4
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
)
]
]
+
j
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
p
[
4
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
1
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
N
)
]
]
}
;
when the far UE uses 16-QAM modulation and the near UE uses 16-QAM modulation, the result is a 256-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
p
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
[
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
F
)
[
4
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
)
]
]
]
+
j
p
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
[
8
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
F
)
[
4
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
N
)
]
]
]
}
;
when the far UE uses 64-QAM modulation and the near UE using QPSK modulation, the result is a 256-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
p
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
[
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
F
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
4
F
)
[
2
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
]
]
]
+
j
p
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
[
8
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
F
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
5
F
)
[
2
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
1
N
)
]
]
]
}
;
when the far UE uses QPSK modulation and a near UE uses 64-QAM modulation, the result is a 256-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
p
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
[
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
4
N
)
]
]
]
+
j
p
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
[
8
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
1
N
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
5
N
)
]
]
]
}
;
when the far UE uses 64-QAM modulation and a near UE uses 16-QAM modulation, the result is a 1024-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
p
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
[
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
F
)
[
8
-
(
1
-
2
d
4
F
)
[
4
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
N
)
]
]
]
]
+
j
p
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
[
16
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
F
)
[
8
-
(
1
-
2
d
5
F
)
[
4
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
1
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
)
]
]
]
]
}
;
when the far UE uses 16-QAM modulation and a near UE uses 64-QAM modulation, the result is a 1024-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
p
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
[
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
F
)
[
8
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
4
N
)
]
]
]
]
+
j
p
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
[
16
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
F
)
[
8
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
1
N
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
)
]
]
]
]
}
;
and
when the far UE uses 64-QAM modulation and a near UE uses 64-QAM modulation, the result is a 4096-QAM super-constellation and the symbol mapping process can be represented as:
x
=
1
C
{
p
(
1
-
2
d
0
F
)
[
32
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
F
)
[
16
-
(
1
-
2
d
4
F
)
[
8
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
0
N
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
2
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
4
N
)
]
]
]
]
]
+
j
p
(
1
-
2
d
1
F
)
[
32
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
F
)
[
16
-
(
1
-
2
d
5
F
)
[
8
-
q
(
1
-
2
d
1
N
)
[
4
-
(
1
-
2
d
3
N
)
[
2
-
(
1
-
2
d
5
N
)
]
]
]
]
]
}
;
where C is a power constraint value.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein, when the two or more UEs are a far and a near UE, the symbol mapping process can be represented as the following linear combination:
x
=
p
C
{
a
x
F
+
q
(
M
(
d
0
F
d
2
F
…
d
K
F
-
2
F
)
Re
{
x
N
}
+
j
M
(
d
1
F
d
3
F
…
d
K
F
-
1
F
)
Im
{
x
N
}
)
}
,
where:
X F is a symbol of a far UE constellation,
x N is a symbol of a near UE constellation,
C is a power constraint value,
M(⋅) is a function taking only values of +1 and −1,
a is a constant that depends on far and near UE's modulation orders,
K F is a number of bits allocated to the far UE,
d 1 F d 3 F . . . d K F −1 F are odd bits in x F , and
d 0 F d 2 F . . . d K F −2 F are even bits in x F .
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the M(⋅) function is as follows:
“Far” UE
“Near” UE
Resulting “Super-
constellation
constellation
constellation”
(2 K F )-QAM
(2 K N )-QAM
(2 K F +K N )-QAM
a
M(d 0 d 1 . . . d K−1 )
QPSK
QPSK
16-QAM
2
−(1 − 2 d 0 )
16-QAM
QPSK
64-QAM
2
(1 − 2d 0 )(1 − 2d 1 )
QPSK
16-QAM
64-QAM
4
−(1 − 2d 0 )
16-QAM
16-QAM
256-QAM
4
(1 − 2d 0 )(1 − 2d 1 )
64-QAM
QPSK
256-QAM
2
−(1 − 2d 0 )(1 −
2d 1 )(1 − 2d 2 )
QPSK
64-QAM
256-QAM
8
−(1 − 2d 0 )
64-QAM
16-QAM
1024-QAM
4
−(1 − 2d 0 )(1 −
2d 1 )(1 − 2d 2 )
16-QAM
64-QAM
1024-QAM
8
(1 − 2d 0 )(1 − 2d 1 )
64-QAM
64-QAM
4096-QAM.
8
−(1 − 2d 0 )(1 −
2d 1 )(1 − 2d 2 ).
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein, when the two or more UEs are a far and a near UE, the symbol mapping process can be represented as the following linear combination:
x
=
p
C
{
a
x
F
+
q
x
N
′
}
,
where:
x F is a symbol of a far UE constellation,
C is a power constraint value,
a is a constant that depends on far and near UE's modulation orders, and
x′ N is an M-QAM constellation that corresponds to a bit sequence {c 0 , c 1 , . . . c K F −1 },
where:
{ c 0 ,c 2 , . . . ,c K F −2 }={e 0 ⊕d 0 N ,e 0 ⊕d 2 N , . . . ,e 0 ⊕d K F −2 N }
{ c 1 ,c 3 , . . . ,c K F −1 }={e 1 ⊕d 1 N ,e 1 ⊕d 3 N , . . . ,e 1 ⊕d K F −1 N }
and
e 0 =N ( d 0 F ,d 2 F , . . . ,d K F −2 F )
e 1 =N ( d 1 F ,d 3 F , . . . ,d K F −1 F ), and
N(⋅) is function taking only binary values of 0 and 1.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the N(⋅) function is as follows:
“Far” UE
“Near” UE
Resulting “Super-
constellation
constellation
constellation”
(2 K F )-QAM
(2 K N )-QAM
(2 K F +K N )-QAM
a
N(d 0 d 1 . . . d K−1 )
QPSK
QPSK
16-QAM
2
1 ⊕ d 0
16-QAM
QPSK
64-QAM
2
d 0 ⊕ d 1
QPSK
16-QAM
64-QAM
4
1 ⊕ d 1
16-QAM
16-QAM
256-QAM
4
d 0 ⊕ d 1
64-QAM
QPSK
256-QAM
2
1 ⊕ d 0 ⊕ d 1 ⊕ d 2
QPSK
64-QAM
256-QAM
8
1 ⊕ d 0
64-QAM
16-QAM
1024-QAM
4
1 ⊕ d 0 ⊕ d 1 ⊕ d 2
16-QAM
64-QAM
1024-QAM
8
d 0 ⊕ d 1
64-QAM
64-QAM
4096-QAM
8
1 ⊕ d 0 ⊕ d 1 ⊕ d 2 .
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two or more UEs comprise K number of UEs and determining which type of super-constellation to generate is based at least on values of α 0 , α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α K−1 , where α i is the transmission power allocated to UE i , and α 1 +α 2 + . . . +α K−1 =1.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein which type of super-constellation to generate is determined based at least on whether one or more values of α 0 , α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α K−1 being greater than, equal to, or less than a threshold.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein which type of super-constellation to generate is determined based at least on whether one or more values of α 0 , α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α K−1 fall within one or more range of values.
18. An apparatus for selecting a superposition constellation comprising constellations of two or more user equipments (UEs), comprising:
at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions capable of execution by a processor; and
at least one processor capable of executing instructions stored on the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, where the execution of the instructions results in the apparatus performing a method comprising:
determining which type of superposition constellation (super-constellation) to generate based at least on a power ratio among the two or more UEs, wherein one type of super-constellation is a Gray-mapped Non-uniform-capable Constellation (GNC), in which both the constituent constellations of the two or more UEs and a GNC super-constellation itself are Gray-mapped; and
generating the determined type of superposition constellation,
wherein the determined type of superposition constellation is the GNC super-constellation,
wherein generating the GNC super-constellation comprises mapping symbols in accordance with parameters p and q, which are positive real-valued numbers, of the super-constellation,
wherein q is inserted into a symbol mapping equation for the super-constellation symbols and is used to maintain a target power split between the two or more UEs, and
wherein p relates to unit constellation power and is applied to both a real part and an imaginary part of the symbol mapping equation for the super-constellation symbols.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the values of p and q are constrained by the constituent constellations of the two or more UEs and a superposition environment of the super-constellation.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein when p=q=1, distances between the super-constellation points are uniform.