Method and apparatus for hydrogenating substances using controlled mechanically induced cavitation
A method and apparatus of inducing chemical reactions such as hydrogenation of a fluidized substance includes mixing hydrogen with the substance, passing the mixture through a cavitation zone, and inducing intense shockwaves in the cavitation zone by continuously generating high energy cavitation events within the mixture. In one embodiment, the treatment zone is the interior of a controlled cavitation reactor. Interior surfaces of the reactor may be coated with a catalyst required for the desired chemical reaction so that the catalyst need not be added directly to the mixture and need not be recovered after the reaction is complete.
1. A method of hydrogenating a fluidized substance comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a controlled cavitation reactor having a cylindrical rotor rotatably mounted within a cylindrical housing with a cavitation zone defined between the peripheral surface of the rotor and the internal peripheral surface of the housing, the cylindrical rotor having bores formed through its peripheral surface, the controlled cavitation reactor having no structures that protrude into the cavitation zone;
(b) generating a flow of the fluidized substance;
(c) introducing hydrogen gas into the flow of the fluidized substance to form a mixture;
(d) passing the mixture through the cavitation zone of the controlled cavitation reactor and rotating the rotor to induce cavitation events in the bores of the rotor thereby resulting in shock waves that propagate through the mixture within the cavitation zone, the shock waves breaking up the hydrogen gas into small bubbles and distributing the bubbles evenly throughout the mixture;
(e) allowing the mixture to remain in the cavitation zone for a time sufficient to induce the chemical reaction between the hydrogen gas and the fluidized substance with a mass transfer coefficient between about 0.9 and about 5.2 k L a, 1/s; and
(f) recovering the substance resulting from the chemical reaction from the controlled cavitation reactor.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of exposing the mixture to a catalyst within the cavitation zone of the controlled cavitation reactor.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of exposing the mixture to a catalyst comprises introducing catalyst into the flow if the mixture.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of exposing the mixture to a catalyst comprises coating at least one interior surface of the controlled cavitation reactor with the catalyst.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of coating at least one interior surface of the controlled cavitation reactor comprises coating the inner peripheral surface of the housing with the catalyst.