Amelioration of acid mine drainage
A process for the amelioration of acid mine drainage useful in shale hydrolyic fracturing operations for the production of natural gas involving the exchange of sulfate and chloride ions by an ion exchange resin so as to produce hydrochloric acid and water for use in hydrolyic fracturing operations from acid mine drainage.
1. A process for treating acid mine drainage, the process comprising:
contacting an anion exchange resin in chloride form with acid mine drainage solution containing hydrogen sulfate for exchange of sulfate ions in the acid mine drainage solution with chloride ions of the anion exchange resin to form an anion exchange resin in sulfate form and an effluent comprising hydrogen chloride,
contacting the anion exchange resin in sulfate form with a salt solution of a neutral chloride salt for exchange of sulfate ions on the anion exchange resin with chloride ions of the salt solution to form a regenerated anion exchange resin in chloride form and an eluate comprising sodium sulfate.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange resin is a weakly basic anion exchange resin.
3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the weakly basic anion exchange resin is a crosslinked, monodisperse, macroporous, polystyrene resin functionalized with tertiary amine groups and in chloride form.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange resin is a strongly basic anion exchange resin.
5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the strongly basic anion exchange resin is a crosslinked, monodisperse, macroporous, polystyrene resin functionalized with quarternary ammonium groups and in chloride form.
6. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising combining the effluent with a frac fluid additive.
7. The process according to claim 6 , wherein the frac fluid additive is selected from the group consisting of scale inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, viscosity modifiers, lubricants, surfactants, oxygen scavengers, proppants, and combinations thereof.
8. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising depositing of at least a portion of the effluent underground.
9. The process according to claim 8 , wherein underground is subterranean, and the depositing further comprises:
adding the effluent to a frac fluid aboveground to form a second frac fluid, and
introducing the second frac fluid underground.
10. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising concentrating the effluent to concentrate the hydrogen chloride in the effluent.
11. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the concentrating of the effluent comprises concentrating the hydrogen chloride to at least about 10% HCl in water.
12. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the concentrating of the effluent comprises at least one of: thermal, chemical and physical concentration methods.
13. A method for converting and using acid mine drainage for hydraulic fracturing in natural gas recovery in shale formations, the method comprising:
contacting an anion exchange resin in chloride form with acid mine drainage to exchange sulfate ions of the acid mine drainage with chloride ions of the anion exchange resin, thereby forming an anion exchange resin in sulfate form and an effluent comprising hydrogen chloride;
pumping at least a portion of the effluent comprising hydrogen chloride, under pressure, into underground shale formation to fracture the shale formation to allow for natural gas withdrawal from the shale formation.
14. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising regenerating the anion exchange resin by contacting the anion exchange resin in sulfate form with a salt solution containing a neutral chloride salt to exchange the sulfate ions on the anion exchange resin with chloride ions of the salt solution, thereby regenerating the anion exchange resin back into chloride form and forming an eluate comprising sodium sulfate.
15. The process according to claim 14 , wherein the anion exchange resin is one of:
a weakly basic anion exchange resin; and
a strongly basic anion exchange resin.
16. The process according to claim 15 , wherein:
the weakly basic anion exchange resin is a crosslinked, monodisperse, macroporous, polystyrene resin functionalized with tertiary amine groups and in chloride form; and
the strongly basic anion exchange resin is a crosslinked, monodisperse, macroporous, polystyrene resin functionalized with quarternary ammonium groups and in chloride form.
17. The process according to claim 13 , wherein the effluent comprising hydrogen chloride is combined with frac fluid, and the frac fluid comprising the effluent is injected into the shale formation.