Methods of acylation with an ionic liquid catalyzing medium
Described herein are methods of acylating an aryl substrate comprising combining a substituted aryl substrate with an acylating agent in the presence of a catalyzing medium, thereby acylating the substituted aryl substrate in the para position, wherein the catalyzing medium is an ionic liquid comprising at least one cation and at least one metal halide anion.
1. A method of acylating an aryl substrate, comprising: combining a substituted aryl substrate with an acylating agent in the presence of a catalyzing medium, thereby acylating the substituted aryl substrate in the para position;
wherein the catalyzing medium is an ionic liquid comprising at least one cation and at least one metal halide anion, wherein the ionic liquid is a salt of the at least one cation and the at least one metal halide anion with a melting point of 150 ° C. or less, and wherein the at least one metal halide anion comprises [Al 2 Cl 7 ] − ;
wherein the aryl substrate comprises a compound of formula I:
wherein R 5 is H, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 cycloalkyl;
wherein the acylating agent comprises an acyl halide of formula II or an acid anhydride of formula III:
wherein
X is a halogen;
R 6 is H, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R 7 and R 8 are independently H, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or wherein, as valence permits, R 7 and R 8 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 4-10membered cyclic moiety.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cation is an ammonium, an imidazolium, a pyridinium, a phosphonium, a sulphonium, or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cation comprises an ammonium cation of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 14 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 cycloalkyl, or wherein, as valence permits, two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-10 membered cyclic moiety.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 14 alkyl.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cation comprises a phosphonium cation of the structure PR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 , wherein R 1 ,R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 cycloalkyl, or wherein, as valence permits, two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-10 membered cyclic moiety.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently H or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 20 alkyl.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cation comprises [AlCl 2 (n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) 2 ] + , [(CH 2 ) 13 CH 3 P((CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 ) 3 ] + , [HN(C 2 H 5 ) 3 ] + , or a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyzing medium is an ionic liquid comprising [HN(C 2 H 5 ) 3 ][Al 2 Cl 7 ], [(CH 2 ) 13 CH 3 P((CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 ) 3 ][Al 2 Cl 7 ], [AlCl 2 (n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) 2 ][Al 2 Cl 7 ], or a combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acylating agent comprises an acyl an acid anhydride of formula III:
wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently H, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or wherein, as valence permits, R 7 and R 8 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 4-10 membered cyclic moiety.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently H, halogen, hydroxyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acylating agent comprises acetic anhydride.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyzing medium is provided in an amount of from 1-50 mol % relative to the amount of acylating agent.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed in the absence of HF.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method produces 4-isobutylacetophenone.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substituted aryl substrate acylated in the para position is produced in a yield of 40% or more.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is used to produce an intermediate for the synthesis of ibuprofen.