Quantitative secondary electron detection

1. A quantitative secondary electron detection device comprising:

a circuit to aggregate a count of a number of secondary electrons;

a circuit to store a count of a number of secondary electrons;

a circuit comprising a time to digital converter;

an electrical device or a magnetic device, configured to attract secondary electrons in a disperse pattern over an array of PIN diodes;

wherein the PIN diodes are configured to detect and count a number of secondary electrons over a dwell time.

2. The quantitative secondary electron detection device of claim 1 ,

further wherein, the array of PIN diodes are configured to detect and count a number of secondary electrons wherein an electron beam comprises: a normal emitter, a low power emitter, suitable for volatile samples, and a high power emitter.

3. The quantitative secondary electron detection device of claim 1 ,

also comprising;

a connection to a counter internal circuit.

4. The quantitative secondary electron detection of claim 3 ,

wherein the PIN diode has a response time of 2 microseconds or less;

and wherein the array is comprised of at least 81 rows, and at least 81 columns.

5. The quantitative secondary electron detection device of claim 1 ,

wherein the array of PIN diodes is a grid consisting of at least 1000 columns, and at least 1000 rows.

6. The quantitative secondary electron detection device of claim 1 ,

wherein the PIN diode operate with a positive potential in a reverse bias mode.

7. The quantitative secondary electron detection device of claim 1 ,

wherein the grid is a shape selected from the group comprising a square, a rectangle, a diamond, a circle, and an oval.

8. The quantitative secondary electron detection device of claim 1 , further comprising a kit for replacement of an existing secondary electron detector, wherein the kit comprises software configured for treatment of a data output from the array of solid state detectors.

9. A method for a quantitative detection of secondary electrons with an array of PIN diodes comprising the steps:

scanning a beam of charged particles over a target;

attracting a number of secondary electrons with a faraday cage;

distributing a number of secondary electrons over the array;

detecting the number of secondary electrons with the array, creating a current change and a voltage change;

aggregating data consisting of either the current change, the voltage change, or both the current change and the voltage change over the array of solid state detectors;

counting the number of secondary electrons with a time to digital converter circuit in counter mode;

assigning the count to a pixel; and

resetting the array.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein;

the step of detecting the number of secondary electrons with the array is done before

the step of counting the number of secondary electrons with the time to digital converter circuit.

11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:

operating the PIN diode with a positive potential in a reverse bias mode.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the detector is integrated with a lens, set of lenses or a faraday cage.

13. The method of claim 9 , further comprising later steps wherein, the array is reset and wherein the method is repeated, and Poisson statistics are applied to the data.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the PIN diode is a single electron detector.

15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising:

setting a dwell time of the solid state detector and adjusting a number of solid state detectors sets to a probability of less than 10 percent a chance of more than one of the number of secondary electrons arriving at one of the solid state detectors over the dwell time.

16. A quantitative detection device for the detection of photons and/or particles comprising:

a circuit to aggregate a count of photons and/or particles;

a circuit to store the count of photons and/or particles;

a circuit comprising a time to digital converter;

a device configured to disperse photons and/or particles from a single spot on an object over an array of PIN diodes;

wherein the array comprises:

at least a number of PIN diodes and further wherein the number of detectors is greater than a rate of photons or particles impinging upon the array divided by a switching frequency of the solid state detectors.

17. The quantitative detection device of claim 16 wherein the array comprises an optimal number of PIN diodes wherein, at a particular switching frequency used, there is at least a 90% chance that a single photon or particle will impinge upon the detector in an independent event.

18. The quantitative detection device of claim 16 further comprising: an emitter of photons or particles configured to iteratively illuminate a sample in a grid like pattern, wherein the array is used to detect particles and/or photons emitted and/or reflected by the sample.