Method and apparatus for partially desalinating produced water to form extraction fluid used for fossil fuel extraction
A method reuses produced water resulting from a fossil fuel extraction operation. The method includes providing the produced water as an input to an electrodialysis system. The method also includes running the electrodialysis system to produce a diluate and a concentrate. The diluate is contaminated so as to have a conductivity of no less than 0.1 Siemens/meter. The method also includes reformulating the diluate to produce fossil fuel extraction fluid. The method also includes using the produced fossil fuel extraction fluid in the fossil fuel extraction operation. An electrodialysis system includes first and second stacks. The electrodialysis system also includes first and second voltage sources, coupled to the first and second stacks, so as to apply a first voltage to the first stack lower by at least about 10% than a second voltage to the second stack.
1. A method of desalinating produced water collected from a fossil fuel extraction operation with an electrodialysis system having a first stack and a second stack, each stack including at least one pair of electrodes between which is disposed at least one cell pair having an anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane, wherein the electrodialysis system is configured to utilize a first voltage applied to the at least one pair of electrodes of the first stack and a second voltage applied to the at least one pair of electrodes of the second stack, and wherein the first stack is configured for conventional operation with a liquid feed having a conductivity below 0.3 Siemens/m, the method comprising:
providing the produced water having a conductivity above 0.3 Siemens/m as the liquid feed to a diluate input of the first stack in the electrodialysis system;
providing a diluate output of the first stack of the electrodialysis system to a diluate input of the second stack;
applying the first voltage, of less than about 0.2V per cell pair, to a first pair of electrodes of the first stack; and
applying the second voltage to a second pair of electrodes of the second stack, wherein the first voltage is lower than the second voltage by at least about 10%.
2. A method of claim 1 , wherein the produced water has a conductivity above 1.0 Siemens/m.
3. A method of claim 1 , wherein the produced water has a conductivity above 3.0 Siemens/m.
4. A method of claim 1 , wherein the produced water has a conductivity above 10.0 Siemens/m.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first voltage is about 0.15 V per cell pair.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first voltage is about 0.10 V per cell pair.