Affordable electrochemical detection of environmental contaminants
This work provides an affordable approach for detecting environmental contaminants (e.g., arsenic in groundwater). Electro-chemical analysis of a sample is performed using a disposable three-electrode sensor that can be connected to an electrochemical analyzer (which is not disposable). The disposable sensor has a sample chamber to admit a liquid sample. The sensor includes a substrate disposed within the sample chamber that includes at least one conditioning reagent to condition the sample for electrochemical analysis. Analysis results can be displayed via a mobile device application.
1. A sensor unit for electrochemical detection of environmental contaminants, the sensor unit comprising:
a sample chamber configured to accept a liquid sample;
a working electrode disposed in the sample chamber and having a working terminal disposed outside the sample chamber;
a counter electrode disposed in the sample chamber and having a counter terminal disposed outside the sample chamber;
a reference electrode disposed in the sample chamber and having a reference terminal disposed outside the sample chamber; and
a substrate disposed in the sample chamber that includes at least one conditioning reagent to condition the liquid sample for electrochemical analysis by setting a pH of the liquid sample to a predetermined value;
wherein the sensor unit is configured to make electrical connections between the working terminal, the counter terminal and the reference terminal and an electrochemical analyzer to perform electrochemical analysis of the liquid sample.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a substrate selected from the group consisting of: filter paper, porous cellulose, glass, nitrocellulose, silk and cotton.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one conditioning reagent comprises one or more reagents selected from the group consisting of: acid and alkali.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor unit is configured for single use operation.
5. The sensor unit of claim 1 , wherein the sensor unit is configured for detection of one or more environmental contaminants selected from the group consisting of: arsenic ions, nitrate ions, phosphate ions, fluoride ions and bacteria.
6. The sensor unit of claim 5 , wherein the environmental contaminants are measured in samples of groundwater.
7. The sensor unit of claim 1 , wherein the sensor unit is configured for detection of arsenic ions, wherein the working electrode comprises carbon, wherein the counter electrode comprises silver and wherein the reference electrode comprises a mixture of silver and silver chloride.
8. The sensor unit of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode, the counter electrode and the reference electrode comprise one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: carbon, silver, a mixture of silver and silver chloride, gold-plated carbon, and copper.
9. A system for electrochemical detection of environmental contaminants, the system comprising:
the sensor unit of claim 1 ;
an electrochemical analyzer electrically connected to the working terminal, the counter terminal and the reference terminal to perform electrochemical analysis of the liquid sample.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the system further comprises a mobile device connected to the electrochemical analyzer and having a user interface.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the user interface comprises a mapping of environmental contamination.
12. The system of claim 10 , wherein the user interface comprises an automatically provided safety determination.
13. The system of claim 10 , wherein the user interface comprises a web-based archive of measurement results.
14. The system of claim 10 wherein electrical power to the electrochemical analyzer is provided by the mobile device.