Toner, developer, toner housing unit and image forming apparatus
A toner includes a binder resin; a release agent; and two or more inorganic fine particles as external additives. At least one of the inorganic fine particles is silica. When an ultrasonic oscillation is applied to a dispersion including the toner and a dispersant and a rate of the silica releasing from the toner is 20% based on total silica, an application energy of the ultrasonic oscillation is from 8 to 14 kJ, and from 70 to 130 kJ when the rate of the silica releasing from the toner is 50%.
1. A toner, comprising:
a toner base particle which comprises a binder resin and a release agent; and
external additives which comprise two or more inorganic fine particles,
wherein at least one of the inorganic fine particles is silica,
wherein the binder resin has a group derived from a phenoxy acetic acid or a benzoic acid, the group being a substitute for a hydroxyl group at an end of a chain of the binder resin, and
wherein when an ultrasonic oscillation having a frequency of 20 kHz is applied to a dispersion in which 3.75 g of the toner is dispersed in 50 mL of a dispersant which is a mixture of ion exchanged water and 0.5% by mass of polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether dissolved in the ion exchanged water, under a temperature of 40° C. or less, an application energy of the ultrasonic oscillation is from 8 to 14 kJ when a rate of the silica releasing from the toner is 20 mass % based on total silica, and from 70 to 130 kJ when the rate of the silica releasing from the toner is 50 mass % based on the total silica.
2. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the content of the silica is from 3.5 to 4.5 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the toner base particle.
3. The toner of claim 1 , wherein in a molecular weight distribution of tetrahydrofuran(THF)-soluble components of the toner, when a molecular weight M is selected within a molecular weight range of from 300 to 5,000, a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of a peak intensity in a range of M±300 is not greater than 30,
wherein the peak intensity is a relative value when the maximum intensity is set to 100 in a molecular weight range not greater than 20,000 in a molecular weight distribution curve plotted on a diagram in which a vertical axis is intensity and a horizontal axis is molecular weight through GPC measurement.
4. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the binder resin comprises a crystalline resin having a melting point of from 50° C. to 65° C.
5. The toner of claim 1 , wherein the silica has an average circularity of from 0.4 to 0.8.
6. A developer comprising the toner according to claim 1 .
7. A developer housing unit comprising the developer according to claim 6 .
8. An image forming apparatus, comprising:
an electrostatic latent mage bearer to bear an electrostatic latent mage;
an electrostatic latent mage former to form an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent mage bearer;
the developer according to claim 6 ;
an image developer to develop the electrostatic latent image with the developer to form a visible image;
a transferer to transfer the visible image onto a recording medium, and
a fixer to fix the visible image on the recording medium.