Maturation of hepatocyte-like cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells
The present invention relates to directed differentiation and maturation of hepatocyte-like cells. In particular, the present invention relates to exposure of hepatocyte-like cells to an activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor, such as retinoic acid (RA), optionally in combination with an inhibitor of GSK-3 (Glycogen synthase kinase 3) or activator of Wnt signalling and/or with the overlay of the cells with one or more components characteristic of the mammalian extracellular matrix (matrix overlay). The present invention also relates to exposure of hepatocyte-like cells to an activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor, such as retinoic acid (RA), optionally in combination with an inhibitor of a cycline dependent kinase (CDK) and/or with the overlay of the cells with one or more components characteristic of the mammalian extracellular matrix (matrix overlay). The hepatocyte-like cells obtained in accordance with the present invention show a phenotype which is more similar to that of primary hepatocytes than previously shown.
1. A method for promoting the maturation of in vitro derived human hepatocyte-like cells, the method comprising:
exposing said human hepatocyte-like cells to an activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor selected from the group consisting of 9-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, SR11237, and combinations thereof, thereby promoting the maturation of said human hepatocyte-like cells by increasing the gene expression of one or more markers for mature hepatocytes selected from the group consisting of adult isoforms of HNF4α, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CAR, GSTA1-1, NTCP and PXR; wherein the human hepatocyte-like cells exposed to said activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor do not exhibit gene and protein expression of Oct4.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising culturing human hepatic progenitor cells, which do not exhibit gene and protein expression of Oct4, under differentiation conditions to obtain said hepatocyte-like cells.
3. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising initially culturing human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells under differentiation conditions to obtain said hepatic progenitor cells.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the initial culturing of hPS cells includes culturing the hPS cells under differentiation conditions to obtain cells of the definitive endoderm (DE cells) and further culturing the obtained cells under differentiation conditions to obtain said hepatic progenitor cells.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the differentiating hPS cells are exposed to a DNA demethylating agent, and wherein the exposure to said DNA demethylating agent takes place during the differentiation of the hPS cells into DE cells.
6. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the differentiating hPS cells are exposed to a DNA demethylating agent.
7. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the hepatic progenitor cells are derived from human pluripotent (hPS) stem cells.
8. The method according to claim 2 , wherein said differentiation conditions for obtaining hepatocyte-like cells are characterized by culturing said human hepatic progenitor cells in a differentiation medium comprising one or more growth factors and/or one or more differentiation inducers.
9. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to a GSK-3 inhibitor.
10. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to a CDK inhibitor.
11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the GSK-3 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of: 9-Bromo-7, 12-dihydro-indolo [3,2-d][1]benzazepin-6(5H)-one, also known as Kenpaullone or NSC 664704; 1-Aza-Ken-paullone (9-Bromo-7,12-dihydro-pyrido[3′,2′:2,3]azepino[4,5-b]indol-6(5H)-one); Alsterpaullone (9-Nitro-7,12-dihydroindolo-[3,2-d][1]benzazepin-6(5)-one); BIO (2′Z,3′E)-6-Bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (GSK-3 Inhibitor IX); BIO-Acetoxime (2′Z,3′E)-6-Bromoindirubin-3′-acetoxime (GSK-3 Inhibitor X); (5-Methyl-IH-pyrazol-3-yl)-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl)amine (GSK-3 Inhibitor XIII); Pyridocarbazole-cyclopenadienylruthenium complex (GSK-3 Inhibitor XV); TDZD-8 4-Benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (GSK-3beta Inhibitor I); 2-Thio(3-iodobenzyl)-5-(1-pyridyl)-[1,3,4]-oxadiazole (GSK-3beta Inhibitor II); OTDZT 2,4-Dibenzyl-5-oxothiadiazolidine-3-thione (GSK-3beta Inhibitor III); alpha-4-Dibromoacetophenone (GSK-3beta Inhibitor VII); AR-AO 14418 N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-N′-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea (GSK-3beta Inhibitor VIII); 3-(1-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl]-4-pyrazin-2-yl-pyrrole-2,5-dione (GSK-3beta Inhibitor XI); TWS119 pyrrolopyrimidine compound (GSK-3beta Inhibitor XII); L803 H-KEAPPAPPQSpP-NH 2 or its Myristoylated form (GSK-3beta Inhibitor XIII); 2-Chloro-1-(4,5-dibromo-thiophen-2-yl)-ethanone (GSK-3beta Inhibitor VI); Aminopyrimidine CHIR99021; 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-4-(1-methyl-1 H-indol-3-yl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (SB216763); and Indirubin-3′-monoxime.
12. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the GSK-3 inhibitor further exhibits inhibitory activity towards a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK).
13. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the GSK-3 inhibitor further exhibits inhibitory activity towards cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2).
14. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to an activator of Wnt signaling.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the activator of Wnt is a Wnt protein.
16. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to a CDK inhibitor.
17. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to a matrix overlay simultaneous to exposure to the activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor.
18. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to a GSK-3 inhibitor and a matrix overlay simultaneous to exposure to the activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor.
19. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to an activator of Wnt signaling and a matrix overlay simultaneous to exposure to the activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor.
20. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising exposing said hepatocyte-like cells to a CDK inhibitor and a matrix overlay simultaneous to exposure to the activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor.
21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor is 9-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, or a combination of 9-cis-retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid.
22. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the activator of a retinoic acid responsive receptor is 9-cis-retinoic acid.