Piezoelectric array elements for sound reconstruction with a digital input
Various examples are provided for digital sound reconstruction using piezoelectric array elements. In one example, a digital loudspeaker includes a fixed frame and an array of transducers disposed on the fixed frame. Individual transducers of the array of transducers can include a flexible membrane disposed on a piezoelectric actuation element positioned over a corresponding opening that extends through the fixed frame. In another example, a method includes forming a flexible membrane structure on a substrate and backetching the substrate opposite the flexible membrane structure. The flexible membrane structure can be formed by disposing a first electrode layer on a substrate, disposing a piezoelectric layer on the first electrode layer and disposing a second electrode layer on the piezoelectric layer. A flexible membrane layer (e.g., polyimide) can be disposed on the second electrode layer.
1. A digital loudspeaker, comprising:
a fixed frame having plural openings that extend through the fixed frame; and
an array of transducers disposed on the fixed frame,
wherein an individual transducer of the array of transducers includes a flexible membrane structure positioned over a corresponding opening in the fixed frame,
wherein the flexible membrane structure includes four layers,
a first electrode layer positioned directly over the opening,
a piezoelectric layer positioned over the first electrode layer,
a second electrode layer positioned over the piezoelectric layer so that the piezoelectric layer is sandwiched between the first and second electrode layers, and
a flexible membrane layer positioned over the second electrode layer.
2. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes layers are in contact with the piezoelectric layer.
3. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes layers comprises parallel electrodes disposed on opposite sides of the piezoelectric layer.
4. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes layers comprises interdigitated electrodes disposed on the piezoelectric layer.
5. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer includes lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT).
6. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrodes layers comprise platinum.
7. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein a polarization of the piezoelectric layer via the first and second electrodes layers distorts the flexible membrane with respect to the fixed frame.
8. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the flexible membrane is formed of polyimide.
9. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the array of transducers is configured to provide at least 3-bit resolution of an audio signal.
10. The digital loudspeaker of claim 9 , wherein 3-bit resolution is provided by seven transducers.
11. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of an outer edge of the piezoelectric actuation element is less than a diameter of an inner surface of the corresponding opening.
12. The digital loudspeaker of claim 11 , wherein the piezoelectric actuation element comprises a plurality of connection lines extending outward from the outer edge.
13. The digital loudspeaker of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of connection lines extend radially outward beyond the diameter of the inner surface of the corresponding opening.
14. The digital loudspeaker of claim 1 , wherein the fixed frame is a plate of a buckled cantilever platform.
15. The digital loudspeaker of claim 14 , wherein the buckled cantilever platform comprises bimorph actuators configured to adjust position of the plate in response to thermal heating.
16. A digital loudspeaker, comprising:
a fixed frame having plural holes; and
plural transducers disposed on the fixed frame, wherein each individual transducer of the array of transducers is located over a corresponding hole of the plural holes,
wherein each individual transducer comprises a piezoelectric actuation element, and each piezoelectric actuation element includes four layers,
a first electrode layer positioned directly over the opening,
a piezoelectric layer positioned over the first electrode layer,
a second electrode layer positioned over the piezoelectric layer so that the piezoelectric layer is sandwiched between the first and second electrode layers, and
a flexible membrane layer positioned over the second electrode layer.