Process mapping of average temperatures and process sensitivity

1. A method of controlling microstructural features in additive manufacturing, comprising:

conducting a plurality of tests on process variables of a thermal process of an additive manufacturing process, with a test of the plurality of tests being conducted on two or more process variables, the test comprising:

locally heating a region of a structure, wherein the local heating results in formation of a thermal field in the structure; and

assessing one or more temperature integrals of the thermal field, at least one of the one or more temperature integrals being a function of a plurality of thermal measurements of a melt pool of the structure;

based on results of the plurality of tests, generating a process map of the one or more temperature integrals of the thermal field, with the one or more temperature integrals based on a function of the two or more process variables; and

controlling, in the additive manufacturing process, features in a region of an object by:

determining, based on the process map, values for the process variables of the thermal process for causing a melt pool in the object to evaporate at a specific rate, the values being a function of the one or more temperature integrals of the thermal field;

adjusting a heat in the region of the object based on the values that are determined for the process variables of the thermal process; and

causing the melt pool in the object to evaporate at the specific rate.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two or more process variables are each selected from a group comprising a power (P) variable associated with the thermal process, a translation speed (V) variable associated with the thermal process, a material feed rate (MFR) variable (or variable related to MFR) used in the thermal process, one or more structure geometry variables, and a structure temperature (T 0 ) variable.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more temperature integrals of the thermal field comprise an average temperature across a volume of the thermal field, an average temperature across a surface area of the thermal field, an average temperature at a particular location of the structure over a period of time, or an evaporation rate.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the average temperature across the surface area of the thermal field is determined in accordance with

T

avg

surf

=

1

A

surf

⁢

∫

T

surf

⁢

d

⁢

⁢

A

surf

,

where A surf is a defined surface area of the thermal field, and T surf is a temperature at a particular location on the surface area of the thermal field.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more temperature integrals are further based on a function of at least one of a location of a heat source and a change in geometry of the structure.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of tests is conducted with process variables other than the two or more process variables held constant.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating the process map comprises interpolating temperature integrals.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

using the process map to select values of the two or more process variables to yield a selected temperature integral of the thermal field, to identify combinations of process variables that yield a particular value of a temperature integral, or to identify regions of process variable space where the one or more temperature integrals are minimized or maximized.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the test of the plurality of tests is conducted on a first process variable, a second process variable, and a third process variable; and the one or more temperature integrals is based on a function of the first process variable, the second process variable, and the third process variable.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the test of the plurality of tests is conducted on different combinations of more than three process variables; and

the one or more temperature integrals is based on a function of the more than three process variables.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operations of conducting and generating are implemented by one or more processing devices.

12. A method of controlling microstructural features in additive manufacturing, comprising:

conducting a plurality of tests on process variables of a thermal process of an additive manufacturing process, with a test of the plurality of tests being conducted on two or more process variables, the test comprising:

locally heating a region of a structure, wherein the local heating results in formation of a thermal field in the structure; and

assessing one or more thermal characteristics of the thermal field;

based on results of the plurality of tests, generating a process map of the one or more thermal characteristics of the thermal field, with the one or more thermal characteristics based on a function of the two or more process variables;

using the process map to determine a sensitivity of the one or more thermal characteristics to changes in values of the two or more process variables; and

controlling, in the additive manufacturing process, features in a region of an object by:

determining values for the process variables of the thermal process, the values being based on the sensitivity of the one or more thermal characteristics to changes in values of the two or more process variables; and

adjusting, during the additive manufacturing process, heat of the object based on the values that are determined for the process variables of the thermal process to reduce fluctuations in the one or more thermal characteristics relative to fluctuations in the one or more thermal characteristics without adjusting the values of the process variables.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the two or more process variables are each selected from a group comprising a power (P) variable associated with the thermal process, a translation speed (V) variable associated with the thermal process, a material feed rate (MFR) variable (or variable related to MFR) used in the thermal process, one or more structure geometry variables, and a structure temperature (T 0 ) variable.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more thermal characteristics of the thermal field comprises a dimension of the thermal field, a temperature derivative, a thermal gradient, a cooling rate, a temperature integral, an average temperature, or an evaporation rate.

15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:

using the process map to identify combinations of process variables that yield a maximum change in the one or more thermal characteristics.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein:

the test is conducted at a different combination of a first process variable, a second process variable, and a third process variable;

the thermal characteristic is based on a function of the first process variable, the second process variable, and the third process variable; and

using the process map to determine the sensitivity of the one or more thermal characteristics comprises using the process map to determine the sensitivity of the one or more thermal characteristics to changes in values of the first, second, and third process variables.

17. The method of claim 12 , wherein:

the test is conducted at a different combination of more than three process variables;

the thermal characteristic is based on a function of the more than three process variables; and

using the process map to determine the sensitivity of the one or more thermal characteristics comprises using the process map to determine the sensitivity of the one or more thermal characteristics to changes in values of the more than three process variables.

18. The method of claim 12 , wherein using the process map to determine the sensitivity of the one or more thermal characteristics comprises identifying a direction within a process variable space that yields a maximum change in the one or more thermal characteristics, within the process variable space.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the direction comprises a direction that is normal to a curve or a surface or a hypersurface of the process map of the one or more thermal characteristics.

20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the operations of conducting, generating, and using are implemented by one or more processing devices.

21. A method of controlling microstructural features in additive manufacturing, comprising:

conducting a plurality of tests on process variables of a thermal process, with a test of the plurality of tests being conducted on two or more process variables, the test comprising:

locally heating a region of a structure, wherein the local heating results in formation of a thermal field in the structure; and

assessing one or more thermal characteristics of the thermal field;

based on results of the plurality of tests, generating a process map of the one or more thermal characteristics of the thermal field, with the one or more thermal characteristics based on a function of the two or more variables;

performing, based on the process map, differential geometry analysis to the thermal process; and

controlling, in the additive manufacturing process, features in a region of an object by:

determining values for the process variables of the thermal process, the values being based on the differential geometry analysis; and

adjusting, during the additive manufacturing process, a heat of the object based on the values that are determined for the process variables of the thermal process to reduce fluctuations in the one or more thermal characteristics relative to fluctuations in the one or more thermal characteristics without adjusting the values of the process variable.