Passive cooling to cold shutdown
A cooling system for a reactor module includes a reactor pressure vessel that houses primary coolant and a steam generator that lowers a temperature of the reactor pressure vessel by transferring heat from the primary coolant to a secondary coolant. The steam generator releases at least a portion of the secondary coolant as steam. Additionally, the cooling system includes a containment vessel that at least partially surrounds the reactor vessel in a containment region. The containment region is dry during normal operation of the reactor module. A controller introduces a source of water into the containment region in response to a non-emergency shut down of the reactor module. The source of water is located external to the containment vessel, and the water is introduced into the containment region after the steam generator has initially lowered the temperature of the reactor pressure vessel in response to releasing the steam.
1. A cooling system for a nuclear reactor module, comprising:
a nuclear reactor pressure vessel that houses primary coolant;
a steam generator configured to lower a temperature of the reactor pressure vessel by transferring heat from the primary coolant to a secondary coolant that circulates through the steam generator and releasing at least a portion of the secondary coolant as steam;
a containment vessel at least partially surrounding the reactor pressure vessel, which forms a containment region therebetween, wherein the containment region is dry during normal operation of the nuclear reactor module;
a temperature monitor configured to monitor temperature of the pressure vessel;
at least one conduit that enables the containment region to receive water from a source of water; and
a controller in operative connection with the temperature monitor, wherein the controller is configured to cause a non-emergency shut down of the nuclear reactor module, including:
causing, during the non-emergency shut down, the steam generator to release steam to lower the temperature of the reactor pressure vessel, and
causing, during the non-emergency shut down, water from the source of water to be introduced into the containment region through at least one conduit in response to a determination that the temperature of the reactor pressure vessel indicated by the temperature monitor has been lowered to a threshold cooling temperature as a result of the steam release.
2. The cooling system of claim 1 , wherein the containment vessel is at least partially submerged in a reactor bay pool and at least one conduit receives water from the reactor bay pool.
3. The cooling system of claim 1 , wherein the threshold cooling temperature is above a boiling temperature of the secondary coolant, and wherein the introduction of the water into the containment region operates to lower the temperature of the reactor pressure vessel to below the boiling temperature of the secondary coolant.
4. The cooling system of claim 3 , wherein the threshold cooling temperature is approximately 250 degrees Fahrenheit.
5. The cooling system of claim 1 , wherein the containment vessel retains at least some of the water introduced into the containment region through at least one conduit and submerges a majority of the reactor pressure vessel.
6. The cooling system of claim 5 , wherein the containment vessel is configured to increase an internal pressure in response to the introduction of water into the containment region, and maintain the water within the containment region as the pressure equilibrates within the containment vessel.
7. A cooling system for a nuclear reactor module, the nuclear reactor module including a nuclear reactor pressure vessel that houses primary coolant, a steam generator configured to lower a temperature of the reactor pressure vessel by transferring heat from the primary coolant to a secondary coolant that circulates through the steam generator and releasing at least a portion of the secondary coolant as steam, and a containment vessel at least partially surrounding the reactor pressure vessel, which forms a containment region therebetween, wherein the containment region is dry during normal operation of the nuclear reactor module, the cooling system comprising:
a temperature monitor configured to monitor temperature of the pressure vessel;
a fill pipe that enables the containment region to receive water; and
a controller in operative connection with the temperature monitor, wherein the controller is configured to:
cause a non-emergency shut down of the nuclear reactor module,
cause, during the non-emergency shut down, the steam generator to release steam to lower the temperature of the reactor pressure vessel, and
cause, during the non-emergency shut down, water to be introduced into the containment region through the fill pipe in response to a determination that the temperature of the reactor pressure vessel indicated by the temperature monitor has been lowered to a threshold cooling temperature as a result of the steam release.
8. The cooling system of claim 7 , wherein the fill pipe receives water from a reactor bay pool that at least partially retains the containment vessel.
9. The cooling system of claim 7 , wherein the controller introduces the water into the containment region to lower the temperature of the reactor pressure vessel to below the boiling temperature of the secondary coolant.
10. The cooling system of claim 7 , wherein the threshold cooling temperature is approximately 250 degrees Fahrenheit.
11. The cooling system of claim 7 , wherein the controller is configured to fill the containment region with water to submerge a majority of the reactor pressure vessel.
12. The cooling system of claim 7 , wherein the controller is configured to maintain the water within the containment region as pressure equilibrates within the containment vessel.