Probabilistic signal shaping using a self-referencing sequence
A shaping encoder configured to generate a stream of output bit-words, wherein different bit-word values have different respective rates of occurrence to cause the optical transmitter connected to the shaping encoder to transmit constellation symbols of relatively high energy less frequently than constellation symbols of relatively low energy. The stream of output bit-words is self-referencing in that it encodes one of the input bitstreams applied to the shaping encoder in one or more designated bits of the output bit-words and is generated using a dither stream that can be recovered by the shaping decoder solely based on those one or more designated bits. As a result, some of the circuitry used in the shaping encoder at the transmitter and in the shaping decoder at the receiver can be identical, which can advantageously be used, e.g., to reduce the production costs.
1. An apparatus comprising:
an optical data transmitter that comprises an optical modulator and an electronic encoder, the electronic encoder being configured to:
redundancy-encode an input data stream based on a seed bitstream, the seed bitstream being a sub-stream of the input data stream; and
drive the optical modulator to modulate an optical carrier to carry a resulting redundancy-encoded data stream as a corresponding stream of constellation symbols such that the seed bitstream determines a stream of sign or parity values of the constellation symbols; and
wherein the stream of the constellation symbols is such that an occurrence rate of specific constellation symbols therein decreases with symbol energies.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the stream of sign or parity values is a stream of sign values, the seed bitstream determining said stream of sign values.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the stream of sign or parity values is a stream of parity values, the seed bitstream determining said stream of parity values.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electronic encoder is configured to redundancy-encode the input data stream in a pseudo-probabilistic manner.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electronic encoder is configured to maintain a constant ratio between a number of bits applied thereto by the input data stream and a resulting number of constellation symbols in the corresponding stream of constellation symbols.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 ,
wherein the electronic encoder comprises a dither-stream generator configured to generate a dither stream in response to the seed bitstream, the dither stream comprising a sequence of first bit-words, each of said first bit-words being generated to encode a corresponding bit of the seed bitstream in a designated bit thereof; and
wherein the electronic encoder is configured to generate the corresponding stream of constellation symbols using the dither stream.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the electronic encoder further comprises:
a digital circuit configured to generate a stream of second bit-words in response to a plurality of sub-streams of the input data stream, each of said second bit-words being generated to have a fixed parity; and
an adder operatively connected to the digital circuit and to the dither-stream generator to generate a stream of output bit-words, each of said output bit-words being computed as a sum of a respective one of said first bit-words and a respective one of said second bit-words; and
wherein the stream of the constellation symbols is generated using the stream of output bit-words.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 ,
wherein the digital circuit is configured to generate each of said second bit-words to have a respective N-bit value, where N is a positive integer greater than one;
wherein the dither-stream generator is configured to generate each of said first bit-words to have a respective M-bit value, where M is a positive integer greater than N; and
wherein the dither-stream generator is further configured to cause said first bit-words to have values from a range of values selected such that each of said output bit-words has a respective M-bit value.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the digital circuit is configured to generate the stream of second bit-words such that the fixed parity causes each of said second bit-words to have a respective even value.
10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the plurality of sub-streams does not include the seed bitstream.
11. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the dither-stream generator is configured to generate the dither stream such that a distribution of values of the first bit-words is approximated by a Gaussian function.
12. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the dither-stream generator comprises:
a plurality of scramblers, each configured to generate a respective scrambled bitstream in response to receiving a respective copy of the seed bitstream, the respective scrambled bitstreams being different from one another;
an adder configured to generate a stream of second bit-words, each of said second bit-words being generated as a sum of binary values carried by the respective scrambled bitstreams in a respective time slot; and
a bitstream combiner configured to generate the dither stream using the seed bitstream and the stream of second bit-words.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein each of the plurality of scramblers is configured to generate the respective scrambled bitstream by changing an order of bits of the seed bitstream in a different respective manner.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electronic encoder comprises an FEC encoder configured to cause the corresponding stream of constellation symbols to include parity-check constellation symbols.
15. An apparatus comprising:
an electronic encoder configured to generate a stream of output bit-words in response to an input data stream, said input data stream including a seed bitstream as a sub-stream thereof, each of said output bit-words being generated to encode a corresponding bit of the seed bitstream in a designated bit thereof, wherein different values of said output bit-words have different respective rates of occurrence; and
an optical transmitter operatively coupled to the electronic encoder to transmit a modulated optical signal carrying a sequence of constellation symbols generated using the stream of output bit-words.