Fabrication of multilayered nanosized porous membranes and their use for making novel nanostructures
Multilayer porous membranes and methods for fabricating the membranes may have applications in filtration, separation, and nanomanufacturing. The layers of the membrane may be selected based on different physiochemical properties, such as ionization rate and/or etch rate. The pores may be formed by high energy particle bombardment and chemical etching. In some embodiments, the multilayer porous membrane may be utilized to form complex nanostructures by selecting different materials for the layers based on physiochemical properties, layer thickness, stacking sequence, and/or varying the pore generation process.
1. A method for fabricating a nanostructure utilizing a multilayer porous membrane as a template, the method comprising:
selecting a first layer for a multi-layer arrangement, wherein the first layer comprises a first material;
depositing a second layer on the first layer without bonding via inter-diffusion, wherein the first or second layer is mica, the second layer comprises a second material with an etch rate or an ionization potential that is different from the first material, and the multi-layer arrangement formed is freestanding;
irradiating the freestanding multi-layer arrangement once with high energy and subsequently etching the arrangement once via nuclear track processing to form one or more pores spanning through an entire thickness of both the first layer and second layer of said arrangement to form a multilayer porous template, wherein each of the one or more pores created by the irradiating and the etching steps provides cylinders or nanowires with more than one diameter; and
depositing a nano structure material in and through the one or more pores of the multi-layer template to form a nanostructure, wherein the nanostructure has a shape corresponding to the cylinders or nanowires with more than one diameter.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing one or more additional layers on the second layer of said multi-layer arrangement prior to irradiating the multi-layer arrangement.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of depositing the nanostructure material further comprises:
depositing a metal layer on said template, wherein the metal layer forms a working electrode;
preparing an aqueous electrolyte solution for deposition of a nanostructure material in and through the pores of the template, wherein said aqueous electrolyte solution contains magnetic metallic ions;
depositing said nanostructure material in and through the pores of the multilayer porous template, wherein the nanostructure material is deposited by electrodeposition; and
extracting the nanostructure from the multilayer porous template, wherein at least one layer of the multilayer porous template is dissolved by a dissolving solution to expose a portion of said nanostructures.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the formation of the nanostructure further comprises the step of chemically modifying a surface of said nanostructures to enhance biocompatibility.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein said nanostructure provides three segments, and each of said segments provides a different diameter.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first or second material is a polymer, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyamide, cellulose acetate, PTFE, Mica, Si, or glass.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second layer is formed by spin coating, dip coating, or spray coating.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more pores provide voids in the template that are is the shape of a barbell, cylinders with more than one diameter, multi-segment nanostructures, structures with selective partial surface coatings or functionalizations, multilayered core-shell structures, or branched structures.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
baking the template in a vacuum at elevated temperatures; and
cooling the template.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of depositing the nanostructure material further comprises:
depositing a metal layer on said multilayer porous template;
placing said multilayer porous template in an aqueous electrolyte solution;
performing electrodeposition until a sharp increase in current is detected; and
dissolving said multilayer porous template to extract the nanostructures.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of depositing the nanostructure material further comprises:
preparing the multilayer porous template for the formation of the nanostructure; and
preparing the nanostructure material for deposition in and through the one or more pores of the multilayer porous template; and
dissolving at least one layer of the template in a dissolving solution, while leaving at least one remaining layer of the template undissolved, to expose a portion of said nanostructure with an unexposed portion embedded in the at least one remaining layer.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the nanostructure is formed in and through the one or more pores of said multilayer porous template by electrodeposition, electroless deposition, physical evaporation, chemical evaporation, polymerization, precipitation, catalytic growth, or molding.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein a metal layer is deposited on said multilayer porous template to prepare for the formation of the nanostructure, an aqueous electrolyte solution is prepared for depositing said nanostructure material within the one or more pores, and said multilayer porous template is placed in the aqueous electrolyte solution to deposit said nanostructure material in and through the pores of the multilayer porous template utilizing electrodeposition.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the aqueous electrolyte solution provides a noble metal, transition metal, alloy, semiconductor, or semimetal.
15. A method for fabricating a nanostructure with a multilayer porous template, the method comprising:
preparing a multilayer porous template, wherein said multilayer porous template is fabricated utilizing the steps of,
selecting a first layer for a multi-layer arrangement, wherein the first layer comprises a first material,
depositing a second layer on the first layer without bonding via inter-diffusion, wherein the first or second layer is mica, the second layer comprises a second material with an etch rate or an ionization potential that is different from the first material, and the multi-layer arrangement formed is freestanding,
irradiating the freestanding multi-layer arrangement once with high energy particles via nuclear track processing to form one or more pores in said multi-layer arrangement, and
etching the multi-layer arrangement once after irradiation to complete formation of said one or more pores spanning through an entire thickness of the first layer and second layer of the multi-layer arrangement to form the multi-layer porous template, wherein each of the one or more pores provides cylinders or nanowires with more than one diameter; and
forming a nanostructure with the multi-layer porous template, wherein said nanostructure is formed utilizing the steps of,
preparing a metal layer on the template to aid in formation of the nanostructure, wherein said metal layer is an electrode,
preparing an electrolyte solution for deposition of a nanostructure material in and through the pores of the template,
depositing said nanostructure material in and through the pores of the template utilizing electrodeposition, and
dissolving at least one layer of the template in a dissolving solution, while leaving at least one remaining layer of the template undissolved, to expose a portion of said nanostructure with an unexposed portion embedded in the at least one remaining layer, wherein the nanostructure has a shape corresponding to the cylinders or nanowires with more than one diameter.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising depositing at least a third layer of said multi-layer arrangement on the second layer prior to irradiating the multi-layer arrangement.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrolyte solution contains magnetic metallic ions.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein said nanostructure provides three segments, and each of said segments provides a different diameter.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrolyte solution provides a noble metal, transition metal, alloy, semiconductor, or semimetal.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein said first or second material is a polymer, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyamide, cellulose acetate, PTFE, Mica, Si, or glass.