Polarizers for image sensor devices

1. A semiconductor image sensor device, comprising:

a semiconductor layer comprising one or more sensing regions configured to sense radiation;

a grid structure, over the semiconductor layer, that comprises one or more cells respectively aligned to the one or more sensing regions; and

a polarizing grating structure in the one or more cells of the grid structure, wherein the polarizing grating structure is configured to polarize light incoming to the semiconductor image sensor device and comprises grating elements with an anti-reflective layer disposed on a metal layer.

2. The semiconductor image sensor device of claim 1 , wherein a polarization angle of the polarizing grating structure includes 0°, 45°, 90°, or 135°.

3. The semiconductor image sensor device of claim 1 , wherein the polarizing grating structure comprises grating elements with a pitch between about 100 nanometers (nm) and about 500 nm.

4. The semiconductor image sensor device of claim 1 , wherein the polarizing grating structure comprises grating elements with a height between about 200 nm and about 1000 nm.

5. The semiconductor image sensor device of claim 1 , wherein the polarizing grating structure comprises grating elements with a width between about 20 nm and about 300 nm.

6. The semiconductor image sensor device of claim 1 , wherein the polarizing grating structure comprises air or a dielectric material transparent to light.

7. The semiconductor image sensor device of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer comprises tungsten, titanium, aluminum, or copper, and the anti-reflective layer comprises silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, or a polymer.

8. The semiconductor image sensor device of claim 1 , further comprising:

a color filter disposed into the one or more cells,

a micro-lens over each of the one or more cells; and

an interconnect structure, below the semiconductor layer, configured to provide electrical connections to the one or more sensing regions of the semiconductor layer.

9. A semiconductor image sensor, comprising:

one or more polarizing grating structures comprising grating elements aligned to a light polarization angle, wherein the one or more polarization grating structures are disposed in cells defined by a grid structure and each of the one or more polarization grating structures comprises a first material disposed on a second material different from the first material;

a semiconductor layer with sensing regions configured to sense radiation entering the semiconductor layer from the grid structure, wherein the semiconductor layer is disposed below the grid structure so that each of the cells of the grid structure is aligned to a sensing region of the semiconductor layer; and

a micro-lens over each cell of the grid structure.

10. The semiconductor image sensor of claim 9 , wherein the one or more polarizing grating structures are arranged in adjacent cells in the grid structure.

11. The semiconductor image sensor of claim 9 , wherein two or more polarizing grating structures are arranged in non-adjacent cells in the grid structure.

12. The semiconductor image sensor of claim 9 , wherein the one or more polarizing grating structures occupy any cell in the grid structure.

13. The semiconductor image sensor of claim 9 , wherein a sensing region under a polarizing grating structure is configured to receive polarized light with a polarization angle consistent with the light polarization angle of the grating elements in the one or more polarizing grating structures.

14. The semiconductor image sensor of claim 9 , wherein each of the one or more polarizing grating structures is disposed between a micro-lens and a sensing region of the semiconductor layer.

15. The semiconductor image sensor of claim 9 , further comprising an interconnect structure disposed on a side of the semiconductor layer opposite to the grid structure.

16. A method to form an image sensor, the method comprising:

depositing a layer stack over a semiconductor layer with radiation-sensing regions, wherein the layer stack comprises a bottom metal layer and a top anti-reflective layer;

patterning the layer stack to form:

a grid structure comprising cells; and

a polarization grating structure within a cell, wherein the polarization grating structure comprises grating elements oriented to a light polarization angle; and

filling the grating structure between the grating elements with air or a dielectric material; and

filling the cells that do not contain a polarization grating structure with a color filter.

17. The method of claim 16 further comprising:

forming a micro-lens over each cell of the grid structure.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein patterning the layer stack comprises:

disposing a photoresist layer or a hard mask layer over the layer stack;

patterning the photoresist layer or the hard mask layer to form first patterned structures and second patterned structures, wherein the first patterned structures have a different pitch than the second patterned structures;

etching the layer stack through the first patterned structures to form the cells of the grid structure; and

etching the layer stack through the second patterned structures to form the grating elements of the polarization grating structure.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the grating elements have a pitch between 100 nm and 500 nm and a height between 200 nm and 1000 nm.

20. The method of claim 16 , wherein incoming light to the image sensor is polarized according to the light polarization angle of the grating elements in the polarization grating structure.