Antenna array calibration

1. An apparatus for performing calibration of an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the apparatus comprising:

at least one computer readable medium;

a global navigation satellite system receiver configured to measure phases of signals received by the global navigation satellite system receiver; and

at least one processor configured to:

receive signals from the plurality of antennas;

operate in a calibration mode to determine a phase correction based on signals received from a calibration satellite by:

selecting a first signal received by the first antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst signals received from the plurality of antennas;

selecting a second signal received by the second antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst the signals received from the plurality of antennas;

in response to providing the first signal and the second signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver and the global navigation satellite system receiver measuring the phases of the first signal and the second signal as a first phase and a second phase, respectively, receiving the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation satellite system receiver;

determining a difference between the first and second phases;

obtaining, from the at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas; and

determining the phase correction by comparing the expected phase difference with the determined difference between the first and second phases; and

operate in a beamforming mode by:

producing a plurality of beamformed signals, each beamformed signal being produced for a respective satellite of a plurality of satellites by phase-adjusting and combining the signals received from the plurality of antennas, wherein said phase-adjusting is performed based at least in part on the determined phase correction.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the phase correction by performing subtraction to obtain a difference between the expected phase difference and the determined difference between the first and second phases.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine different phase correction values for different angles of arrival.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to provide the first signal and the second signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of satellites are satellites of a global navigation satellite system and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to track the plurality of satellites when operating in the beamforming mode.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of antennas further comprises a third antenna, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine a third phase of a third signal received by the third antenna from the calibration satellite, the at least one processor being further configured to determine a difference between the first and third phases.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to compare the difference between the first and third phases with an expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a phase correction value.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to, when operating in the beamforming mode:

adjust a phase of a signal received by the first antenna from a first global navigation satellite to produce a first phase-adjusted signal;

adjust a phase of a signal received by the second antenna from the first global navigation satellite to produce a second phase-adjusted signal;

sum the first phase-adjusted signal and the second phase-adjusted signal to produce a first beamformed signal;

adjust a phase of a signal received by the first antenna from a second global navigation satellite to produce a third phase-adjusted signal;

adjust a phase of a signal received by the second antenna from the second global navigation satellite to produce a fourth phase-adjusted signal;

sum the third phase-adjusted signal and the fourth phase-adjusted signal to produce a second beamformed signal; and

provide the first beamformed signal and the second beamformed signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 ,

wherein the global navigation satellite system receiver comprises a plurality of logically separate inputs that include a first input and a second input, and

wherein the global navigation satellite system receiver is configured to, at the same time:

receive the first signal from the first antenna at the first input; and

receive the second signal from the second antenna.

10. A calibration method for an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the method comprising:

selecting, using at least one processor, a first signal received by the first antenna from a calibration satellite from amongst signals received from the plurality of antennas;

selecting, using the at least one processor, a second signal received by the second antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst the signals received from the plurality of antennas;

measuring a first phase of the first signal received by the first antenna and a second phase of the second signal received by the second antenna using a global navigation satellite system receiver;

receiving, by the at least one processor, the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation system receiver;

determining, using the at least one processor, a difference between the first and second phases;

obtaining, from at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas;

determining, using the at least one processor, a phase correction by comparing the difference between the first and second phases with the expected phase difference; and

producing, using the at least one processor, a plurality of beamformed signals, each beamformed signal being produced for a respective satellite of a plurality of satellites by phase-adjusting and combining the signals received from the plurality of antennas, wherein said phase-adjusting is performed based at least in part on the determined phase correction.

11. The calibration method of claim 10 , wherein the calibration satellite is a satellite of a global navigation satellite system.

12. The calibration method of claim 10 , further comprising:

storing the expected phase difference and the phase correction value in the at least one computer readable medium.

13. The calibration method of claim 10 , further comprising:

calculating beamsteering phase values for the first and second signals, based at least in part on the phase correction value, to receive an electromagnetic wave from a selected direction.

14. The calibration method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of antennas further comprises a third antenna, and the method further comprises:

determining a third phase of a third signal received by the third antenna from the calibration satellite;

determining a difference between the first and third phases; and

comparing the difference between the first and third phases with a second expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a second phase correction value.

15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor, perform a calibration method for an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the method comprising:

selecting, using the at least one processor, a first signal received by the first antenna from a calibration satellite from amongst signals received from the plurality of antennas;

selecting, using the at least one processor, a second signal received by the second antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst the signals received from the plurality of antennas;

in response to providing the first signal and the second signal to a global navigation satellite system receiver and the global navigation satellite system receiver measuring the phases of the first signal and the second signal as a first phase and a second phase, respectively, receiving the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation satellite system receiver;

determining, using the at least one processor, a difference between the first and second phases;

obtaining, from at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas;

determining, using the at least one processor, a phase correction by comparing the difference between the first and second phases with the expected phase difference; and

producing, using the at least one processor, a plurality of beamformed signals, each beamformed signal being produced for a respective satellite of a plurality of satellites by phase-adjusting and combining the signals received from the plurality of antennas, wherein said phase-adjusting is performed based at least in part on the determined phase correction.

16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 15 , wherein the calibration satellite is a satellite of a global navigation satellite system.

17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium method of claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises storing the expected phase difference and the phase correction value in the at least one computer readable medium.

18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium method of claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises calculating beamsteering phase values for the first and second signals, based at least in part on the phase correction value, to receive an electromagnetic wave from a selected direction.

19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium method of claim 15 , wherein the plurality of antennas further comprises a third antenna, and the method further comprises:

determining a third phase of a third signal received by the third antenna from the calibration satellite;

determining a difference between the first and third phases; and

comparing the difference between the first and third phases with a second expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a second phase correction value.

20. An apparatus for performing calibration of an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the apparatus comprising:

at least one computer readable medium;

a global navigation satellite system receiver configured to measure a first phase of a first signal received by the first antenna from a satellite and a second phase of a second signal received by the second antenna from the satellite; and

at least one processor configured to:

receive the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation satellite system receiver;

determine a difference between the first and second phases;

obtain, from the at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas;

determine a phase correction by comparing the expected phase difference with the determined difference between the first and second phases; and

perform beamsteering of the first signal received by the first antenna from the satellite and of the second signal received by the second antenna from the satellite by adjusting the first phase of the first signal and the second phase of the second signal based at least in part on the determined phase correction.

21. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the phase correction by performing subtraction to obtain a difference between the expected phase difference and the determined difference between the first and second phases.

22. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the at least one processor is configured to obtain the first and second signals and to provide the first signal and the second signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver.

23. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to track a plurality of satellites of a global navigation satellite system during said beamsteering.

24. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to compare the difference between the first and third phases with an expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a phase correction value.