Electrically actuated switch

1. A method comprising:

providing an electrically actuated switch that can be switched between a higher conductivity state (ON) and a lower conductivity state (OFF), the switch comprising

a first electrode,

a second electrode; and

an active region disposed therebetween, the active region comprising

a primary active region comprising at least one material for transporting and hosting ions that act as dopants to control the flow of electrons through the switch, and

a secondary active region comprising at least one material for providing a source/sink of ionic dopants for the primary active region; and

inverting an ON/OFF polarity of the switch from a first polarity to a second polarity by applying a positive bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the ON/OFF polarity of the switch to change to the second polarity,

the first polarity comprising a state in which applying a positive bias to the second electrode turns the switch ON and applying a negative bias to the second electrode turns the switch OFF,

the second polarity comprising a state in which applying a negative bias to the second electrode turns the switch ON and applying a positive bias to the second electrode turns the switch OFF.

2. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein, in inverting the ON/OFF polarity of the switch from the first polarity to the second polarity, applying the positive bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the ON/OFF polarity of the switch to change to the second polarity includes applying the positive bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause all positive dopants to drift to the first electrode.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

inverting the ON/OFF polarity of the switch from the second polarity to the first polarity by applying a negative bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the ON/OFF polarity of the switch to change to the first polarity.

4. The method of claim 3 ,

wherein, in inverting the ON/OFF polarity of the switch from the second polarity to the first polarity, applying the negative bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the ON/OFF polarity of the switch to change to the first polarity includes applying the negative bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause all positive dopants to drift to the second electrode.

5. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the primary active region includes a first primary active region and a second primary active region, each comprising at least one of the at least one materials for transporting and hosting ions that act as dopants to control the flow of electrons through the switch, and

the secondary active region is disposed between the first and second primary active regions.

6. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the switch further comprise a non-covalent interface, disposed between the first electrode and the first primary active region.

7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:

using the states of the switch to store a bit of information, including setting the switch in the first state to store a first logical value and setting the switch in the second state to store a second logical value.

8. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the switch is configurable into states including:

a first state in which there is undoped semiconductor adjacent to both the first and second electrodes, resulting in two Schottky barriers that are in series and having opposite polarities, thereby effectively blocking current flow in both directions of the device,

a second state in which dopants are injected into a region near the first electrode and the Schottky barrier adjacent to the first electrode is decreased, thereby allowing current to flow more readily in a first direction, and

a third state in which dopants are injected to a region near the second electrode and the Schottky barrier adjacent to the second electrode is decreased, thereby allowing current to flow more readily in a second direction opposite the first direction.

9. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the ionic dopants provided by the secondary active region act as electrical dopants for the at least one material of the primary active region, and thereby change the electrical conductivity of the primary active region from a relatively low electrical conductivity to a relatively high conductivity.

10. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the ionic dopants provided by the secondary active region are selected from the group consisting of ionized interstitial or substitutional impurity atoms, cation donor species, anion vacancies, and anionic acceptor species.

11. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the ionic dopants provided by the secondary active region are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkali and alkaline earth cations, transition metal cations, rare earth cations, oxygen anions or vacancies, chalcogenide anions or vacancies, nitrogen anions or vacancies, pnictide anions or vacancies, or halide anions or vacancies.

12. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the at least one material for the one primary active region and at least one material for the secondary active region are selected from the group consisting of: (1) oxides, sulfides, selenides, ni-trides, phosphides, arsenides, chlorides, and bromides of transition metals, rare earth metals, and alkaline earth metals; (2) alloys of like compounds from list (1) with each other; and (3) mixed compounds, in which there are at least two different metal atoms combined with at least one electronegative element.

13. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the at least one material for the primary active region and the at least one material for the secondary active region are selected from the group consisting of titanates, zirconates, haf-nates, alloys of these three oxides in pairs or with all three present together, and compounds of the type ABO3, where A is at least one divalent element and B is at least one of Ti, Zr, and Hf.

14. The method of claim 5 ,

wherein the at least one material for the one primary active region and the at least one material for the secondary active region are selected from the following list:

TiO2/TiO2-x;

ZrO2/ZrO2-x;

HfO2/HfO2-x;

SrTiO3/SrTiO3-x;

GaN/GaN1-x;

CuCl/CuCl1-x; and

GaN/GaN:S.

15. A method comprising:

providing an electrically actuated switch that can be switched between a higher conductivity state (ON) and a lower conductivity state (OFF), the switch comprising

a first electrode,

a second electrode; and

an active region disposed therebetween, the active region comprising

a first primary active region and a second primary active region, each comprising at least one material for transporting and hosting ions that act as dopants to control the flow of electrons through the switch, and

a secondary active region disposed between the first and second primary active regions and comprising at least one material for providing a source/sink of ionic dopants for the first and second primary active regions; and

inverting an ON/OFF polarity of the switch by:

while the ON/OFF polarity of the switch is a first polarity, in which applying a positive bias to the second electrode turns the switch ON and applying a negative bias to the second electrode turns the switch OFF, applying a positive bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the ON/OFF polarity of the switch to change to a second polarity, in which applying a negative bias to the second electrode turns the switch ON and applying a positive bias to the second electrode turns the switch OFF; and

while the ON/OFF polarity of the switch is the second polarity, applying a negative bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the ON/OFF polarity of the switch to change to the first polarity.

16. A method comprising:

providing an electrically actuated switch that can be switched between a higher conductivity state (ON) and a lower conductivity state (OFF), the switch comprising

a first electrode,

a second electrode; and

an active region disposed therebetween, the active region comprising

a first primary active region and a second primary active region, each comprising at least one material for transporting and hosting ions that act as dopants to control the flow of electrons through the switch, and

a secondary active region disposed between the first and second primary active regions and comprising at least one material for providing a source/sink of ionic dopants for the first and second primary active regions; and

inverting an ON/OFF polarity of the switch by:

in a first state in which applying a positive bias to the second electrode turns ON the switch and applying a negative bias to the second electrode turns OFF the switch, applying a positive bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the switch to change to a second state in which applying a positive bias to the first electrode turns ON the switch and applying a positive bias to the first electrode turns the switch OFF; and

in the second state, applying a negative bias to the second electrode for a long enough time to cause the switch to change to the first state.