Pulse transmission time measuring apparatus and biological state estimating apparatus
A pulse transmission time measuring apparatus includes a first photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a first light emitter and a first light receiver and detects a first photoplethysmographic signal, and a second photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a second light emitter and a second light receiver and detects a second photoplethysmographic signal. The first and second photoplethysmographic sensors are disposed on a contact surface that comes into contact with the body when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to the body. The spacing between the second light emitter and the second light receiver is smaller than the spacing between the first light emitter and the first light receiver. The second photoplethysmographic sensor detects the second photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to the flow of blood in the capillaries. The first photoplethysmographic sensor detects the first photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to the flow of blood in an artery located deeper than the capillaries and thicker than the capillaries.
1. A pulse transmission time measuring apparatus comprising:
a first photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a first light emitter and a first light receiver, and detects a first photoplethysmographic signal;
a second photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a second light emitter and a second light receiver, and detects a second photoplethysmographic signal;
a peak detector that detects a peak of the first photoplethysmographic signal detected by the first photoplethysmographic sensor, and a peak of the second photoplethysmographic signal detected by the second photoplethysmographic sensor; and
a pulse transmission time calculator that calculates a pulse transmission time from a time difference between the peak of the first photoplethysmographic signal detected by the peak detector and the peak of the second photoplethysmographic signal detected by the peak detector; wherein
the first photoplethysmographic sensor and the second photoplethysmographic sensor are disposed on a contact surface of the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus that, when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to a body, comes into contact with the body;
the second photoplethysmographic sensor detects the second photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in capillaries; and
the first photoplethysmographic sensor detects the first photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in an artery thicker than the capillaries.
2. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the second light emitter and the second light receiver are separated by a spacing that is less than a spacing between the first light emitter and the first light receiver.
3. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first light emitter outputs light with a wave length of about 800 nm to about 1000 nm, and the second light emitter outputs light with a wave length of about 450 nm to about 580 nm.
4. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the peak detector determines that an error condition exists if the first photoplethysmographic signal has an amplitude equal to or less than a predetermined value.
5. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first photoplethysmographic sensor is capable of being varied in location.
6. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein
the first photoplethysmographic sensor and the second photoplethysmographic sensor are disposed on a contact surface of the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus that comes into contact with a wrist when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to the body; and
the first photoplethysmographic sensor detects the first photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in a radial artery.
7. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 6 , wherein the first photoplethysmographic sensor is disposed on the contact surface such that when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to the body, the first photoplethysmographic sensor comes into contact with an area of an epidermis over the radial artery.
8. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein an area of the contact surface where the first photoplethysmographic sensor is disposed has a shape that, when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to the body, protrudes in a convex manner toward a wrist relative to an area of the contact surface where the first photoplethysmographic sensor is not disposed.
9. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the pulse transmission time calculator determines that an error condition exists if the pulse transmission time calculated by the pulse transmission time calculator is equal to or less than a predetermined value.
10. A biological state estimating apparatus comprising:
the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 ;
a pulse interval change rate acquirer that acquires a rate of change in pulse interval; and
a pulse rhythm abnormality detector that determines a pulse rhythm abnormality based on variability of the rate of change in pulse interval acquired by the pulse interval change rate acquirer.
11. A biological state estimating apparatus comprising:
the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 ; and
a sleep state detector that determines that a body is not in a state suitable for sleep if the pulse transmission time calculated by the pulse transmission time calculator is equal to or less than a predetermined threshold.
12. The biological state estimating apparatus according to claim 11 , further comprising a forearm heater that, if it is determined by the sleep state detector that the body is not in a state suitable for sleep, raises a temperature of a forearm.
13. A biological state estimating apparatus comprising:
the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 1 ;
a correlation information storage that stores autonomic function correlation information, the autonomic function correlation information being defined in advance based on a relationship between pulse transmission time and autonomic function; and
a biological state estimator that estimates an autonomic function of a user based on the pulse transmission time calculated by the pulse transmission time calculator, and the autonomic function correlation information stored in the correlation information storage.
14. A pulse transmission time measuring apparatus comprising:
a first photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a first light emitter and a first light receiver, and detects a first photoplethysmographic signal;
a second photoplethysmographic sensor that includes the first light emitter and a second light receiver, and detects a second photoplethysmographic signal;
a peak detector that detects a peak of the first photoplethysmographic signal detected by the first photoplethysmographic sensor, and a peak of the second photoplethysmographic signal detected by the second photoplethysmographic sensor; and
a pulse transmission time calculator that calculates a pulse transmission time from a time difference between the peak of the first photoplethysmographic signal detected by the peak detector and the peak of the second photoplethysmographic signal detected by the peak detector; wherein
the first photoplethysmographic sensor and the second photoplethysmographic sensor are disposed on a contact surface of the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus that, when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to a body, comes into contact with the body;
the second photoplethysmographic sensor detects the second photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in capillaries; and
the first photoplethysmographic sensor detects the first photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in an artery thicker than the capillaries.
15. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the first light emitter and the second light receiver are separated by a spacing that is less than a spacing between the first light emitter and the first light receiver.
16. A pulse transmission time measuring apparatus, comprising:
a first photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a first light emitter and a first light receiver, and detects a first photoplethysmographic signal;
a second photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a second light emitter and the first light receiver, and detects a second photoplethysmographic signal;
a peak detector that detects a peak of the first photoplethysmographic signal detected by the first photoplethysmographic sensor, and a peak of the second photoplethysmographic signal detected by the second photoplethysmographic sensor; and
a pulse transmission time calculator that calculates a pulse transmission time from a time difference between the peak of the first photoplethysmographic signal detected by the peak detector and the peak of the second photoplethysmographic signal detected by the peak detector; wherein
the first photoplethysmographic sensor and the second photoplethysmographic sensor are disposed on a contact surface of the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus that, when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to a body, comes into contact with the body;
the second photoplethysmographic sensor detects the second photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in capillaries; and
the first photoplethysmographic sensor detects the first photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in an artery thicker than the capillaries.
17. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 16 , wherein the second light emitter and the first light receiver are separated by a spacing that is less than a spacing between the first light emitter and the first light receiver.
18. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 16 , wherein
the first light emitter outputs light with a wave length of about 800 nm to about 1000 nm; and
the second light emitter outputs light with a wave length of about 450 nm to about 580 nm.
19. A pulse transmission time measuring apparatus comprising:
a photoplethysmographic sensor that includes a light emitter and a light receiver, and detects a photoplethysmographic signal;
a piezoelectric pulse wave sensor that includes a piezoelectric element and detects a piezoelectric pulse wave signal;
a peak detector that detects a peak of the photoplethysmographic signal detected by the photoplethysmographic sensor, and a peak of the piezoelectric pulse wave signal detected by the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor; and
a pulse transmission time calculator that calculates a pulse transmission time from a time difference between the peak of the photoplethysmographic signal detected by the peak detector and the peak of the piezoelectric pulse wave signal detected by the peak detector; wherein
the photoplethysmographic sensor and the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor are disposed on a contact surface of the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus that, when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to a body, comes into contact with the body;
the photoplethysmographic sensor detects the photoplethysmographic signal corresponding to flow of blood in capillaries; and
the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor detects the piezoelectric pulse wave signal corresponding to flow of blood in an artery thicker than the capillaries.
20. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 19 , wherein the peak detector determines that an error condition exists if the piezoelectric pulse wave signal has an amplitude equal to or less than a predetermined value.
21. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 19 , wherein the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor is capable of being varied in location.
22. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 19 , wherein
the photoplethysmographic sensor and the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor are disposed on a contact surface of the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus that comes into contact with a wrist when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to the body, and
the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor detects the piezoelectric pulse wave signal corresponding to flow of blood in a radial artery.
23. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 22 , wherein the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor is disposed on the contact surface such that when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to the body, the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor comes into contact with an area of an epidermis over the radial artery.
24. The pulse transmission time measuring apparatus according to claim 19 , wherein an area of the contact surface where the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor is disposed has a shape that, when the pulse transmission time measuring apparatus is attached to the body, protrudes in a convex manner toward a wrist relative to an area of the contact surface where the piezoelectric pulse wave sensor is not disposed.