Electronic platform for sensing and control of electrochemical reactions

1. A sensor, comprising:

a semiconductor layer having a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG); and

an oxide layer in electronic contact with the semiconductor layer,

wherein the 2DEG is present at an interface between the semiconductor layer and the oxide layer, and

wherein the semiconductor layer comprises InAs and the oxide layer comprises In oxide and As oxide.

2. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the oxide layer is from 0.1 nm to 10 nm.

3. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising an electronic circuit electronically coupled to the semiconductor layer, the electronic circuit measuring the electron density of the 2DEG, the electron mobility of the 2DEG, or combinations thereof.

4. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer comprises a functionalizing molecule.

5. The sensor of claim 4 , wherein the functionalizing molecule is selected from the group consisting of an oligonucleotide, a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein, a polymer, and combinations thereof.

6. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer is deposited on the semiconductor layer.

7. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer comprises an oxide of a material that is different from the material in the semiconductor layer.

8. A method of detecting an analyte molecule, the method comprising:

providing a sensor comprising (a) a semiconductor layer having a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG), and (b) an oxide layer in electronic contact with the semiconductor layer, wherein the 2DEG is present at an interface between the semiconductor layer and the oxide layer, and wherein the semiconductor layer comprises InAs and the oxide layer comprises In oxide and As oxide;

making a first measurement of an electrical property of the 2DEG;

contacting the analyte molecule with the oxide layer of the sensor;

subsequently making a second measurement of the electrical property of the 2DEG;

wherein the difference between the first and second measurement of electrical property of the 2DEG indicates the presence of the analyte molecule.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the thickness of the oxide layer is from 0.1 nm to 10 nm.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the electrical property is selected from the group consisting of the electron density of the 2DEG, the electron mobility of the 2DEG, and combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the oxide layer comprises a functionalizing molecule.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the functionalizing molecule is selected from the group consisting of an oligonucleotide, a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein, a polymer, and combinations thereof.

13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the analyte molecule is a DNA molecule.

14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the oxide layer is disposed on the semiconductor layer.

15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the oxide layer comprises an oxide of a material that is different from the material in the semiconductor layer.

16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the electrical property of the 2DEG is measured by a Hall bar method.

17. The method of claim 8 , wherein making the first measurement of the electrical property of the 2DEG includes making a measurement of the electric property under a light condition and making a measurement of the electrical property under a dark condition and then comparing the measurement under the light condition to the measurement under the dark condition, and

wherein making the second measurement of the electrical property of the 2DEG includes making a measurement of the electrical property under a light condition and making a measurement of the electrical property under a dark condition and then comparing the measurement under the light condition to the measurement under the dark condition.