Toners exhibiting reduced machine ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions and related methods
Methods of forming a toner are provided. In embodiments, such a method comprises forming a toner from a mixture of at least one resin, at least one wax, and optionally, at least one colorant, wherein the at least one wax is of a type and is present at an amount which are selected to provide a predetermined PER 10 value for the toner; and measuring a PER 10 value for the toner, wherein the measured PER 10 value for the toner is equal to or less than the predetermined PER 10 value. Toners formed using the methods are also provided.
1. A method of forming a toner, the method comprising:
forming a toner from a mixture of at least one resin, at least one wax, and optionally, at least one colorant, wherein the at least one wax is of a type and is present at an amount which are selected to provide a measured PER 10 value of not more than 1×10 11 particles/cm 3 for the toner; and
measuring a PER 10 value for the toner, wherein the measured PER 10 value for the toner is not more than 1×10 11 particles/cm 3 .
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming step is an emulsion-aggregation process.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured PER 10 value is not more than 7×10 10 particles/cm 3 .
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the toner is further characterized by a Minimum Fix Temperature in the range of from 145° C. to 156° C., a Hot Offset Temperature of greater than 195° C., or both.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the toner is further characterized by a Minimum Fix Temperature, a Hot Offset Temperature, or both, which is the same as that of a comparative toner formed by the same method and having the same composition as the toner except for the at least one wax.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the comparative toner comprises a single wax and the single wax is paraffin at an amount of about 11% by weight of the comparative toner.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured PER 10 value of the toner is at least 5 times less than that of a comparative toner formed by the same method and having the has the same composition as the toner except for the at least one wax.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the toner is further characterized by a Minimum Fix Temperature, a Hot Offset Temperature, or both which is the same as that of the comparative toner.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one wax is characterized by a T m which is at least 90° C. and the amount of the at least one wax is no more than 10% by weight of the toner.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one wax is selected from polymethylene, a montanic acid ester, a polyethylene, and combinations thereof and the amount of the at least one wax is no more than 10% by weight of the toner.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the toner comprises a single wax.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the single wax is selected from polymethylene, a montanic acid ester, and a polyethylene and the amount of the single wax is no more than 10% by weight of the toner.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one resin is a styrene/n-butylacrylate/β-CEA copolymer.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the toner is a core-shell toner.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one resin is a styrene/n-butylacrylate/β-CEA copolymer; the at least one wax is selected from polymethylene, a montanic acid ester, a polyethylene, and combinations thereof and the amount of the at least one wax is no more than 10% by weight of the toner; and the toner is a core-shell toner.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the toner comprises a single wax and the single wax is polymethylene or polyethylene.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the measured PER 10 value of the toner is at least 5 times less than that of a comparative toner formed by the same method and having the has the same composition as the toner except that the comparative toner comprises paraffin at an amount of about 11% by weight of the comparative toner.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the toner is further characterized by a Minimum Fix Temperature, a Hot Offset Temperature, or both which is the same as that of the comparative toner.