Dynamic feedback end effector

1. An end effector system for use in spinal surgery, the end effector comprising:

a sterile section, the sterile section comprising an instrument holder having:

a latch releasably retaining an instrument for performing spinal surgery, and

pins having tapered tips for piercing a plastic sleeve, one of the pins having a hollow outer sleeve and an inner shaft axially moveable relative to the outer sleeve to move the latch between a released position and a clamped position; and

a non-sterile section, the non-sterile section comprising an end effector having:

a motor, wherein the motor applies a torsional and axial force to the instrument.

2. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein the end effector simultaneously performs a rotary motion and an axial motion.

3. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein non-sterile section is covered with a sterile plastic sleeve.

4. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein instrument holder has five pins.

5. The end effector system of claim 4 , wherein a first pin is used to pass torque through to an instrument.

6. The end effector system of claim 4 , wherein a second pin and a third pin are locating pins.

7. The end effector system of claim 4 , wherein a fourth pin is a threaded shaft that mates with a threaded receiving hole of the end effector.

8. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein the end effector is connected to a robot controller.

9. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein a K-wire or wire inserter is attached to the instrument holder.

10. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein a vision system is attached to the instrument holder or end effector.

11. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein the motor comprises a first motor that applies a torsional force to the instrument, and a second motor that applies an axial force to the instrument.

12. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein one of the pins has a predetermined geometric shape rotatable within the instrument holder, and wherein the instrument holder further includes a bushing connected to the predetermined geometric shape pin, and wherein the bushing includes a female end for receiving a tool and is rigidly connected to the predetermined geometric shape pin.

13. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein the instrument includes:

a first pin to receive torque from the instrument holder and is electrically insulated for neuromonitoring, and

a shunt for shunting, wherein the shunt provides about 4-20 mA current for shunting.

14. The end effector system of claim 11 , further comprising:

a fixed plate for attaching the end effector to a robot arm, and a sliding plate moveable relative to the fixed plate; and

a pulley attached to a shaft of the second motor, the pulley being operable to drive a timing belt that drives internally threaded pulleys that are threaded onto externally threaded shafts connected to the sliding plate to cause the sliding plate and the instrument to move axially relative to the fixed plate.

15. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein the instrument holder further comprises a solenoid operable to move the latch between an open position and a closed position.

16. The end effector system of claim 1 , wherein the instrument holder further comprises a receiving recess for receiving the instrument, and wherein the latch is adjacent to an opening of the receiving recess to prevent axial movement of the instrument therein.

17. An end effector system for a robotic surgery system comprising:

a non-sterile section that includes an end effector having:

a motor for applying torsional and axial forces to an instrument; and

a sterile section that includes an instrument holder having:

a pin having a non-cylindrical geometric shape rotatable within the instrument holder, and

a bushing connected to the pin, wherein the bushing includes a female end for receiving a tool.

18. The end effector system of claim 17 , wherein the pin is rigidly connected to the bushing and rotatable within the instrument holder.

19. An end effector system for a robotic surgery system comprising:

an end effector;

an instrument holder connected to the end effector; and

an instrument having:

a first pin to receive torque from the instrument holder, wherein the first pin is electrically insulated for neuromonitoring, and

a shunt for shunting.

20. The end effector system of claim 19 , wherein the shunt provides about 4-20 mA current for shunting, and wherein the instrument holder includes a driveshaft, a brush adjacent the driveshaft, and a wire connected to the brush for neuromonitoring.