Production of graphene and graphane
The present invention provides a method for the production in an electrochemical cell of one or more of graphene, graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm, and graphane, wherein the cell comprises: (a) a negative electrode which is graphitic; (b) a positive electrode which may be graphitic or another material; and (c) an electrolyte selected from (i) an ionic liquid; (ii) a deep eutectic solvent; and (iii) a solid ionic conductor, optionally further comprising (iv) one or more ionic species, wherein the amount of (i), (ii) or (iii) and (iv) is greater than 50 wt % based on the total weight of the electrolyte; and wherein the electrolyte includes a mixture of different cations; and wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell to intercalate ions into the graphitic negative electrode so as to exfoliate the graphitic negative electrode.
1. A method for production in an electrochemical cell of one or more of graphene, graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm, and graphane, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises:
(a) a negative electrode which is graphitic;
(b) a positive electrode which may be graphitic or another material; and
(c) an electrolyte that is selected from:
(i) an electrolyte comprising a deep eutectic solvent which comprises at least two constituent components, said deep eutectic solvent having a deep eutectic solvent melting point that is at least 10° C. lower than a component melting point of one of said constituent components, wherein the deep eutectic solvent is present in an amount that is greater than 90 wt % based on total weight of the electrolyte; and
(ii) an electrolyte comprising a deep eutectic solvent which comprises at least two constituent components, said deep eutectic solvent having a deep eutectic solvent melting point that is at least 10° C. lower than a component melting point of one of said constituent components, the electrolyte further comprising one or more additional ionic species, wherein the deep eutectic solvent and the additional ionic species are present in an amount that is greater than 90 wt % based on total weight of the electrolyte;
and wherein the electrolyte includes a mixture of different cations;
and wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the electrochemical cell to intercalate ions into the graphitic negative electrode so as to exfoliate the graphitic negative electrode.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is free of organic solvent and water.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte includes a metal cation and an organic cation.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of the deep eutectic solvent that is present in the electrolyte of (c)(i), or the amount of the deep eutectic solvent and the additional ionic species that is present in the electrolyte of (c)(ii), is greater than 99 wt % based on the total weight of electrolyte.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deep eutectic solvent comprises choline chloride and urea in a mole ratio of about 1:2.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises one or more salts selected from metal cation-containing salts and organic cation-containing salts.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphitic negative electrode comprises highly ordered pyrolytic graphite.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is a method for the production in an electrochemical cell of graphene and/or graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is a method for the production in an electrochemical cell of graphane.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein temperature of the electrochemical cell does not exceed 60° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method includes the step of functionalizing the graphene or graphite nanoplatelet structures such that material produced from the method contains one or more functionalized regions such that the material contains more than 5 at % total non-carbon elements based on total number of atoms in the material.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein a material comprising a surface is produced from the method and wherein the material contains on at least some of its surface a metal-containing material, wherein the metal is selected from Fe and Sn.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of isolating the one or more of graphene, graphite nanoplatelet structures, and graphane.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein temperature of the electrochemical cell does not exceed 40° C.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method includes the step of functionalizing the graphene or graphite nanoplatelet structures such that material produced from the method contains one or more functionalized regions such that the material contains more than 10 at % total non-carbon elements based on total number of atoms in the material.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method includes the step of functionalizing the graphene or graphite nanoplatelet structures such that material produced from the method contains one or more functionalized regions such that the material contains more than 30 at % total non-carbon elements based on total number of atoms in the material.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein a material comprising a surface is produced from the method and wherein the material contains on at least some of its surface metal-containing nanoparticles, wherein the metal is selected from Fe and Sn.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein a material comprising a surface is produced from the method and wherein the material contains on at least some of its surface metal-containing nanoparticles having a mean average diameter of less than 25 nm, wherein the metal is selected from Fe and Sn.