Braking system

1. A computer comprising a processor and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor to:

upon detecting that a brake of a vehicle is applied, determine a target brake torque that is below a preset holding brake torque and at least as great as a minimum brake torque, wherein the minimum brake torque is a lowest value of the brake torque that will hold the vehicle at standstill;

upon detecting that the brake is applied, determine at least one of a threshold of a speed of the vehicle or a modified stopping distance of the vehicle, wherein determining either the target brake torque or the at least one of the threshold or the modified stopping distance is based on a current clear distance of the vehicle in a direction of travel of the vehicle, wherein the clear distance is a minimum of at least one of a following distance, a see-ahead distance, and a distance to a nearest obstacle; and

then, upon detecting that the speed of the vehicle is below the threshold, monotonically reduce a brake torque of the brake so that the brake torque reaches the target brake torque when the speed reaches substantially zero at the modified stopping distance.

2. The computer of claim 1 , further programmed to, after the brake torque reaches the target brake torque, increase the brake torque to the holding brake torque.

3. The computer of claim 1 , further programmed to determine a schedule of brake torques corresponding to a plurality of speeds between the threshold and zero to achieve the monotonic reduction of the brake torque to the target brake torque.

4. The computer of claim 1 , further programmed to determine a maximum increase of stopping distance resulting from the monotonic reduction of the brake torque; and to determine the target brake torque so that the vehicle stops within the maximum increase of stopping distance.

5. The computer of claim 4 , wherein determining the target brake torque is based on the threshold and an initial brake torque when the speed is at the threshold.

6. The computer of claim 1 , wherein the target brake torque is the minimum brake torque.

7. The computer of claim 6 , further programmed to determine a maximum increase of stopping distance resulting from the monotonic reduction of the brake torque; and to determine the threshold so that the vehicle stops within the maximum increase of stopping distance.

8. The computer of claim 7 , wherein determining the threshold is based on the target brake torque and an initial brake torque when the speed is at the threshold.

9. The computer of claim 6 , further programmed to determine the modified stopping distance equal to a difference between a default stopping distance and an increase in stopping distance resulting from the monotonic reduction of brake torque; and to apply a brake torque of the brake before the speed reaches the threshold based on the modified stopping distance.

10. The computer of claim 9 , wherein the default stopping distance is based on the threshold and an initial brake torque when the speed is at the threshold.

11. A method comprising:

upon detecting that a brake of a vehicle is applied, determining a target brake torque that is below a preset holding brake torque and at least as great as a minimum brake torque, wherein the minimum brake torque is a lowest value of the brake torque that will hold a vehicle at standstill;

upon detecting that the brake is applied, determining at least one of a threshold of a speed of the vehicle or a modified stopping distance of the vehicle, wherein determining either the target brake torque or the at least one of the threshold or the modified stopping distance is based on a current clear distance of the vehicle in a direction of travel of the vehicle, wherein the clear distance is a minimum of at least one of a following distance, a see-ahead distance, and a distance to a nearest obstacle; and

then, upon detecting that the speed of the vehicle is below the threshold, monotonically reducing a brake torque of the brake so that the brake torque reaches the target brake torque when the speed reaches substantially zero at the modified stopping distance.

12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising, after the brake torque reaches the target brake torque, increasing the brake torque to the holding brake torque.

13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising determining a schedule of brake torques corresponding to a plurality of speeds between the threshold and zero to achieve the monotonic reduction of the brake torque to the target brake torque.

14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising determining a maximum increase of stopping distance resulting from the monotonic reduction of the brake torque; and determining the target brake torque so that the vehicle stops within the maximum increase of stopping distance.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein determining the target brake torque is based on the threshold and an initial brake torque when the speed is at the threshold.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the target brake torque is the minimum brake torque.

17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising determining a maximum increase of stopping distance resulting from the monotonic reduction of the brake torque; and determining the threshold so that the vehicle stops within the maximum increase of stopping distance.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein determining the threshold is based on the target brake torque and an initial brake torque when the speed is at the threshold.

19. The method of claim 16 , further comprising determining the modified stopping distance equal to a difference between a default stopping distance and an increase in stopping distance resulting from the monotonic reduction of brake torque; and applying a brake torque of the brake before the speed reaches the threshold based on the modified stopping distance.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the default stopping distance is based on the threshold and an initial brake torque when the speed is at the threshold.