Seismic waveform inversion

1. A method comprising:

receiving seismic data of a geologic environment;

receiving a background model that is a part of a partitioned model of the geologic environment;

predicting reflections using the background model;

performing data domain extension to determine incoherence of the reflections and the seismic data based at least in part on an offset-dependent matching filter;

based at least in part on the incoherence, adjusting the background model to generate an adjusted background model; and

outputting the adjusted background model, wherein outputting the adjusted background model comprises generating a seismic image comprising the adjusted background model.

2. The method of claim 1 comprising performing a full waveform inversion based at least in part on the adjusted background model to output an earth model of the geologic environment.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the partitioned model comprises the background model and a reflectivity model.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the background model corresponds to a low-wavenumber component model and wherein the reflectivity model corresponds to a high-wavenumber component model.

5. The method of claim 3 wherein the background model comprises a smooth background model and wherein reflectivity model comprises a rough reflectivity model.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the predicting reflections comprises Born modeling.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the predicting reflections comprises applying a Born operator to the background model.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the seismic data comprise seismic data acquired via sensors positioned in the geologic environment.

9. The method of claim 1 comprising partitioning a model of the geologic environment to form the background model and a reflectivity model.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein adjusting the background model to generate an adjusted background model comprises reducing the incoherence.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein determining incoherence comprises determining the incoherence along offset and time.

12. The method of claim 1 comprising determining the offset-dependent matching filter via a least-squares filter estimation formulation and a Toeplitz solver.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein adjusting the background model to generate an adjusted background model comprises determining a gradient of an objective function with respect to the background model.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein an adjoint operator carries information as to an appropriate adjustment direction for adjusting the background model.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein determining the gradient comprises determining source wavefields and receiver wavefields via forward and backward propagations and cross-correlating the source wavefields and the receiver wavefields in time.

16. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusted background model is configured to be used to assist with exploration of the geologic environment.

17. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusted background model is configured to be output while drilling through the geologic environment to reduce uncertainty in time-depth correlation without having to stop drilling.

18. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusted background model is configured to be used to look ahead of a drill bit that is drilling through the geologic environment.

19. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusted background model is configured to be used to guide a drill string to a target depth in the geologic environment.

20. A system comprising:

a processor;

memory accessible by the processor; and

processor-executable instructions stored in the memory that comprise processor-executable instructions to instruct the system to:

receive seismic data of a geologic environment,

receive a background model that is a part of a partitioned model of the geologic environment,

predict reflections using the background model,

perform data domain extension to determine incoherence of the reflections and the seismic data based at least in part on an offset-dependent matching filter,

based at least in part on the incoherence, adjust the background model to generate an adjusted background model, and

output the adjusted background model, wherein outputting the adjusted background model comprises generating a seismic image comprising the adjusted background model.

21. The system of claim 20 wherein the processor-executable instructions comprise processor-executable instructions to instruct the system to perform a full waveform inversion based at least in part on the adjusted background model to output an earth model of the geologic environment.

22. The system of claim 20 wherein the seismic data comprise seismic data acquired via sensors positioned in the geologic environment.

23. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media comprising computer-executable instructions to instruct a system to:

receive seismic data of a geologic environment;

receive a background model that is a part of a partitioned model of the geologic environment;

predict reflections using the background model;

perform data domain extension to determine incoherence of the reflections and the seismic data based at least in part on an offset-dependent matching filter;

based at least in part on the incoherence, adjust the background model to generate an adjusted background model; and

output the adjusted background model, wherein outputting the adjusted background model comprises generating a seismic image comprising the adjusted background model.

24. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 23 wherein the computer-executable instructions comprise computer-executable instructions to instruct a system to perform a full waveform inversion based at least in part on the adjusted background model to output an earth model of the geologic environment.

25. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 23 wherein the seismic data comprise seismic data acquired via sensors positioned in the geologic environment..