Method and material for lithium ion battery anodes
Silicon-silica hybrid materials made by metallothermal reduction from silica and methods of producing such compositions are provided. The compositions have novel properties and provide significant improvements in Coulombic efficiency, dilithiation capacity, and cycle life when used as anode materials in lithium battery cells.
1. A hybrid material comprising:
a. from about 5 wt% to about 50 wt % M x SiO 2+x , wherein M is a metal, x is 0 or a positive integer;
b. from greater than 20 wt % to about 94 wt % crystalline silicon;
wherein:
the ratio of crystalline silicon: M x SiO 2+x is from about 1:1 to about 100:1;
the hybrid material is in the form of particles having:
a surface area of from about 10 m 2 /g to about 250 m 2 /g; and
an average pore size of from about 50 Å to about 250 Å; and
the particles are present in a bimodal distribution comprising a first distribution and a second distribution.
2. The hybrid material of claim 1 , wherein the particles have open porosity from about 75% to about 98% or the hybrid material has a tap density of greater than 0.07 g/mL.
3. The hybrid material of claim 1 , wherein the particles are from about 0.01 μm to less than 45 μm in diameter along their longest axis.
4. The hybrid material of claim 1 , wherein the first distribution comprises particles from about 1 μm to less than 45 μm in diameter along their longest axis and the second distribution comprises particles having a diameter of from about 10 nm to about 500 nm along their longest axis, and wherein the second distribution comprises less than 20% of the total particles.
5. The hybrid material of claim 1 , further comprising from greater than 0 wt % to about 65 wt % MgO.
6. The hybrid material of claim 5 , wherein the material comprises from greater than 0 wt % to about 10 wt % MgO.
7. The hybrid material of claim 1 , wherein the material further comprises from greater than 0 wt % to about 20 wt % at least one of carbon, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, iron, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, tin, silver, indium copper, lithium or zinc.
8. A hybrid material comprising:
a. M x SiO 2+x , wherein M is a metal, x is 0 or a positive integer, from about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %; and
b. crystalline silicon from greater than 20 wt % to about 94 wt %; wherein:
the ratio of crystalline silicon: M x SiO 2+x is from about 1:1 to about 100:1;
the hybrid material is in the form of particles; and
the particles are present in a bimodal distribution comprising a first distribution and a second distribution, wherein the first distribution comprises particles from about 1 μm to less than 45 μm in diameter along their longest axis and the second distribution comprises particles having a diameter of from about 10 nm to about 500 nm along their longest axis, and wherein the second distribution comprises less than 20% of the total particles.
9. An anode comprising the material of claim 1 , wherein the anode has a specific capacity of about 50% of the initial value or greater after 100 cycles at 0.1 C discharge rate.
10. An anode comprising the material of claim 1 , wherein the anode has a gravimetric capacity of 400 mAh/g or greater after 100 cycles at 0.1 C discharge rate and the anode has a first cycle coulombic efficiency of 50% of the initial value or greater.
11. The anode of claim 9 , wherein the anode further comprises from greater than 0 wt % to about 70 wt % carbon.
12. The hybrid material of claim 8 , wherein the hybrid material has a tap density of greater than 0.07 g/mL;
wherein the hybrid material further comprises one or more of:
a. from greater than 0 wt % to about 65 wt % MgO; or
b. from greater than 0 wt % to about 70 wt % at least one of carbon, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, iron, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, tin, silver, indium copper, lithium or zinc; and
wherein the particles have one or more of:
a. a surface area of from about 10 m 2 /g to about 250m 2 /g;
b. an average pore size of from about 50 Å to about 250 Å; or
c. an open porosity in a range from about 75% to about 98%.