Core-shell composites for electrodes in metal-ion batteries
A battery electrode composition is provided comprising core-shell composites. Each of the composites may comprise a core and a multi-functional shell.
1. A battery electrode composition comprising core-shell composites, each of the core-shell composites comprising:
a metal sulfide-based core provided to electrochemically react with metal ions during battery operation to store the metal ions in the form of a corresponding metal-sulfide during discharging of the battery and to release the metal ions from the corresponding metal-sulfide during charging of the battery; and
a multi-functional shell at least partially encasing the metal sulfide-based core, the multi-functional shell being formed from a material that has an average diffusivity that is higher by a factor of at least 100 with respect to (i) the metal ions of the metal sulfide as compared to (ii) electrolyte solvent molecules and metal polysulfides.
2. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal sulfide is a lithium sulfide and the metal ions that are stored and released are Li + cations.
3. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal sulfide is a sodium sulfide and the metal ions that are stored and released are Na + cations.
4. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal sulfide-based core is a dense agglomerate of individual metal sulfide particles, each of which is at least partially encased in a metal-ion permeable shell.
5. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal sulfide-based core comprises electrically conductive carbon for structurally reinforcing the metal sulfide-based core against changes in volume.
6. The battery electrode composition of claim 5 , wherein the electrically conductive carbon comprises disordered carbon.
7. The battery electrode composition of claim 5 , wherein the electrically conductive carbon comprises carbon associated with thermal decomposition of a polymeric precursor.
8. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal sulfide-based core corresponds to a product of a solution of the metal sulfide.
9. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the multi-functional shell comprises carbon.
10. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the multi-functional shell, the metal sulfide-based core, or both the multi-functional shell and the metal sulfide-based core comprise carbon.
11. The battery electrode composition of claim 10 , wherein the carbon corresponds to a thermal decomposition product derived from a polymeric coating deposited on a surface of the metal sulfide in a solution.
12. The battery electrode composition of claim 11 , wherein the polymeric coating has an opposite electrical charge as compared to the metal sulfide in the solution.
13. The battery electrode composition of claim 10 , wherein at least one type of carbon in the multi-functional shell, the metal sulfide-based core, or both corresponds to a thermal decomposition product derived from a gaseous hydrocarbon precursor and chemical vapor deposition.
14. The battery electrode composition of claim 10 , wherein at least one type of carbon in the multi-functional shell, the metal sulfide-based core, or both is porous and is infiltrated with a different filler material.
15. The battery electrode composition of claim 14 , wherein the filler material is a carbon-based material different from the carbon in the corresponding multi-functional shell or the metal sulfide-based core.
16. The battery electrode composition of claim 14 , wherein the filler material is a metal ion-permeable ceramic material.
17. A process of fabricating the battery electrode composition of claim 1 , comprising annealing the core-shell composites at a temperature below the melting point of the metal sulfide.
18. A process of fabricating the battery electrode composition of claim 1 , comprising introducing one or more additives into a solution of the metal sulfide to induce formation of a core-supporting skeleton.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the additives are selected from the group consisting of: carbon particles, ceramic particles, and a polymer.
20. A process of fabricating the battery electrode composition of claim 1 , comprising formation of one or more miniemulsions.
21. The battery electrode composition of claim 1 , wherein the average diffusivity of the material is higher by a factor of at least 1000 with respect to (i) the metal ions of the metal sulfide as compared to (ii) electrolyte solvent molecules and metal polysulfides.
22. The battery electrode composition of 21 , wherein the average diffusivity of the material is higher by a factor of at least 10000 with respect to (i) the metal ions of the metal sulfide as compared to (ii) electrolyte solvent molecules and metal polysulfides.