One-piece piston featuring addictive machining produced combustion bowl rim and cooling gallery
A piston capable of withstanding high temperatures and extreme conditions of a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine and manufactured with reduced costs is provided. The method of manufacturing the piston includes casting or forging the bulk of the piston as a single-piece with an open cooling gallery from an economical first material, such as steel, cast iron, or aluminum. The method further includes forming a portion of a combustion bowl surface, which is a small area of the piston directly exposed to the combustion chamber, from a second material by additive machining. The second material has a higher thermal conductivity and higher resistance to oxidation, erosion, and oil coking, compared to the first material. The additive machining process is efficient and creates little waste, which further reduces production costs.
1. A piston for an internal combustion engine, comprising:
a crown portion formed from a first material;
a combustion surface disposed along the crown portion, wherein at least a portion of the combustion surface is formed from a second material by an additive machining process, and the second material includes martensite and tempered martensite in a crystalline structure; and
a heat affected zone defined by a first edge along the first material and a second edge along the second material, wherein the first edge has a shape following the shape of the second edge.
2. The piston of claim 1 , wherein a single piece of the first material forms the crown portion; and the second material has at least one of a higher thermal conductivity, higher erosion resistance, higher resistance to coking adhesion, and a higher oxidation resistance than the first material.
3. The piston of claim 1 , wherein the crown portion formed from the first material and the combustion surface formed from the second material together form a closed cooling gallery.
4. The piston of claim 1 , wherein the second material forming the at least the portion of the combustion surface includes stainless steel, a nickel-based alloy, or a nickel-chromium-based alloy.
5. The piston of claim 1 , wherein the first material forming the crown portion includes steel, cast iron, a cast iron alloy, aluminum, or an aluminum alloy.
6. The piston of claim 1 , wherein the crown portion includes a combustion bowl, and the combustion bowl includes an apex at a center axis.
7. The piston of claim 1 , wherein the crown portion includes a combustion bowl, a cooling gallery base wall extends outwardly from a base of the combustion bowl, an outer rib with ring grooves extends upwardly from the base wall, and the second material extends between the outer rib and the combustion bowl.
8. The piston of claim 7 further including a skirt portion extending downwardly from the outer rib to a lower end, and the skirt portion includes a pair of pin bosses disposed opposite one another and each presenting a pin bore.
9. The piston of claim 1 further including a skirt portion formed from the first material, and wherein a single piece of the first material forms the crown portion and the skirt portion.
10. A piston for an internal combustion engine, comprising:
a crown portion and a skirt portion formed from a first material;
a combustion surface disposed along the crown portion, wherein at least a portion of the combustion surface is formed from a second material by an additive machining process;
a heat affected zone defined by a first edge along the first material and a second edge along the second material, wherein the first edge has a shape following the shape of the second edge; and
wherein an underside of the combustion surface includes surface irregularities immediately following the additive machining process and prior to any subsequent machining; and the second material of the combustion surface includes martensite and tempered martensite in a crystalline structure.
11. A piston for an internal combustion engine, comprising:
a crown portion formed from a first material;
a combustion surface disposed along the crown portion, wherein at least a portion of the combustion surface is formed from a second material by an additive machining process;
a heat affected zone defined by a first edge along the first material and a second edge along the second material, wherein the first edge has a shape following the shape of the second edge; and
wherein an underside of the combustion surface includes surface irregularities immediately following the additive machining process and prior to any subsequent machining.