Methods of producing solid fuel using low ash, low sulfur coal replacement from fast pyrolysis of biomass

1. A method of producing a solid fuel, said method comprising:

providing a bio-oil;

subjecting the bio-oil to an extraction procedure with an aqueous solution to produce a concentrated pyrolytic sugar-containing extract and a water insoluble raffinate comprising a lignin-derived phenolic oil; and

thermally curing the phenolic oil to form a carbonaceous solid.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic oil comprises phenolic monomers and oligomers.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

subjecting the carbonaceous solid to a size reduction procedure.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the size reduction procedure is selected from the group consisting of crushing, grinding, and comminuting.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said subjecting comprises:

mixing the lignin-derived phenolic oil with an aqueous solution at a lignin-derived phenolic oil to aqueous solution ratio of 1:0.4 to 1:5.0 w/w.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said providing comprises:

pyrolyzing lignin-containing biomass to produce the bio-oil and

recovering the bio-oil as lignin-derived fractions with different boiling point values, the lignin-derived fractions comprising a heavy fraction and a light fraction, wherein the heavy fraction comprises sugars and/or anhydrosugars and phenolic oil and the light fraction comprises water and low molecular weight compounds selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the heavy fraction is subjected to the extraction procedure to produce a first stream and a second stream, the first stream comprising sugars and/or anhydrosugars and the second stream comprising phenolic oil.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the biomass is selected from the group consisting of forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, grasses, manure, livestock operation residues, fast-growing trees and plants, and municipal and industrial wastes.

9. The method of claim 6 , said pyrolyzing produces bio-oil vapors and said method further comprises:

cooling the bio-oil vapors in a first stage comprising a condenser having passages for the bio-oil vapors separated by a heat conducting wall from passages for a coolant, wherein the coolant in the condenser of the first stage is maintained at a substantially constant temperature, set at a temperature in the range of 75 to 130° C., to condense a first liquid fraction of liquefied bio-oil constituents in the condenser of the first stage;

collecting the first liquid fraction of liquefied bio-oil constituents from the condenser of the first stage; and

carrying out said subjecting on the first liquid fraction.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first liquid fraction comprises:

furans having a weight percentage in the range of 2 to 7%, minor carbohydrates having a weight percentage in the range of 0 to less than 5%, acetic acid having a weight percentage in the range of 0 to less than 4%, levoglucosan having a weight percentage in the range of 0 to 50%, water insoluble compounds having a weight percentage in the range of 25 to 75%, and total phenolics having a weight percentage in the range of 25-75%.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the bio-oil vapors pass through the condenser of the first stage under laminar flow conditions.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subjecting comprises:

mixing the first liquid fraction with an aqueous solution at a first liquid fraction to aqueous solution ratio of 1:0.4 to 1:5.0 w/w.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said thermal curing is carried out at 105-220° C. for less than 3 hours.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the extraction procedure further comprises:

contacting the bio-oil with a chilled liquid to precipitate the bio-oil in an emulsion and

pouring water into the emulsion to separate the bio-oil from the emulsion.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the extraction procedure is a solvent liquefaction process.