Enhanced analyte access through epithelial tissue
A device for increasing a concentration of at least one analyte in an advective flow of biofluid includes an agent for enhancing a paracellular permeability of an epithelial tissue; and an iontophoresis electrode and a counter electrode, which are adapted to increase the concentration of said analyte in the advective flow of the biofluid. A method of sensing an analyte in a biofluid includes increasing a paracellular permeability of an epithelial tissue layer; and inducing electro-osmotic flow by reverse iontophoresis to increase a concentration of said analyte in an advective flow of the biofluid, wherein said advective flow is driven by at least one of saliva generation, sweat generation, or reverse iontophoresis.
1. A device comprising:
an agent for enhancing a paracellular permeability of a device wearer's epithelial tissue;
an iontophoresis electrode and a counter electrode, which are configured to increase the concentration of at least one analyte in a biofluid by the following: using iontophoresis to transport the agent into the epithelial tissue, and using reverse iontophoresis to at least partially cause an advective flow of the biofluid from the epithelial tissue into the device; and
a collector for transporting the biofluid from the epithelial tissue into the device.
2. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:
an analyte-specific sensor for sensing the analyte in the biofluid.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein said analyte-specific sensor is adapted to continuously sense the analyte.
4. The device of claim 2 , further comprising:
a coupler configured to transport the biofluid from the collector to the analyte-specific sensor.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein said epithelial tissue is an epidermis and the advective flow is driven by reverse iontophoresis.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein said epithelial tissue is a sweat gland epithelium and the advective flow is partially driven by sweat generation in sweat glands.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein said epithelial tissue is an oral mucosa and the advective flow is driven by reverse iontophoresis.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein said epithelial tissue is a saliva gland epithelium and the advective flow is driven by saliva generation in salivary glands.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein said device is adapted to topically deliver the agent.
10. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a reservoir containing the agent, the agent in the reservoir being in electrical contact with the iontophoresis electrode.
11. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a membrane separating the agent and the epithelial tissue, wherein said membrane limits diffusion of the agent unless iontophoresis is applied.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of: a chelator, a lipid, and a protein.
13. The device of claim 1 , wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of a polycarboxylate and a polycarboxylic acid.
14. The device of claim 1 , wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid, and a conjugate base thereof.
15. The device of claim 1 , wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of: oleic acid, caprylic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and Zonula occludens toxin.