Rechargeable battery safety by multifunctional separators and electrodes

1. A battery comprising:

an anode;

a cathode;

a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the separator includes at least one functional layer; and

a sensor connected to the at least one functional layer to monitor an internal state of the battery, wherein the at least one functional layer includes a temperature responsive layer, the temperature responsive layer includes a) a first, thermoelectric material including a first sensing terminal and b) a second, electronically conducting material including a second sensing terminal, the second, electronically conducting material is electronically isolated from the first, thermoelectric material, the second, electronically conducting material is devoid of lithium, and the sensor is connected to the first sensing terminal of the first, thermoelectric material and the second sensing terminal of the second, electronically conducting material to monitor an internal temperature of the battery.

2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a voltage sensor.

3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the first, thermoelectric material includes at least one of a lithium transition metal oxide, a lithium transition metal phosphate, or a lithium transition metal fluorophosphate.

4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the second, electronically conducting material is selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, titanium, aluminum, gold, palladium, platinum, silver, zinc, iron, and electronically conducting carbon.

5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the separator includes a porous, electronically insulating separator layer, and the temperature responsive layer is coated on the porous, electronically insulating separator layer.