Colored electrophoretic displays
An electrophoretic medium comprises a fluid, a first, light scattering particle (typically white) and second, third and fourth particles having three subtractive primary colors (typically magenta, cyan and yellow); at least two of these colored particles being non-light scattering. The first and second particles bear polymer coatings such that the electric field required to separate an aggregate formed by the third and the fourth particles is greater than that required to separate an aggregate formed from any other two types of particles. Methods for driving the medium to produce white, black, magenta, cyan, yellow, red, green and blue colors are also described.
1. A method of driving an electrophoretic display comprising a layer of the electrophoretic medium disposed between first and second electrodes, with the first electrode forming the viewing surface of the display and the electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of first, second, third, and fourth particles dispersed in a fluid, the display having a voltage controller capable of applying voltage differences of +V H , +V L , 0, −V L and −V H between the first and second electrodes respectively, where:
+ V H >+V L >0>− V L >−V H
the method comprising, in either order:
(a) displaying at the viewing surface alternately the color of the fourth particles, and the color of a mixture of the fourth and second particles by applying between the electrodes a series of first pulses of either +V H or −V H and of a polarity which drives the fourth particles towards the first electrode, said series of first pulses alternating with second pulses of +V L or −V L , and of opposite polarity to, but greater duration than, the first pulses; and
(b) displaying at the viewing surface alternately the color of the third particles and the color of a mixture of the third and second particles by applying between the electrodes a series of third pulses of either +V H or −V H and of a polarity which drives the third particles towards the first electrode, said series of third pulses alternating with fourth pulses of +V L or −V L , and of opposite polarity to, but greater duration than, the third pulses.
2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising:
(c) displaying at the viewing surface a substantially black color by applying between the electrodes a series of fifth pulses of either +V L or −V L and of a polarity which drives the first particles towards the second electrode, said series of fifth pulses alternating with periods of substantially zero voltage difference between the electrodes; and
(d) displaying at the viewing surface the color of the first particles by applying between the electrodes a series of sixth pulses of either +V L or −V L and of a polarity which drives the first particles towards the first electrode, said series of sixth pulses alternating with periods of substantially zero voltage difference between the electrodes.
3. A method according to claim 2 further comprising:
(e) displaying at the viewing surface alternately the color of the second particles or the color of a mixture of the third and fourth particles by applying between the electrodes a series of seventh pulses of either +V L or −V L and of a polarity which drives the second particles towards the second electrode, said series of seventh pulses alternating with eighth pulses of either +V L or −V L and of opposite polarity to but greater length than the seventh pulses.
4. A method according to claim 1 further comprising:
(c) displaying at the viewing surface alternately the color of the second particles or the color of a mixture of the third and fourth particles by applying between the electrodes a series of seventh pulses of either +V L or −V L and of a polarity which drives the second particles towards the second electrode, said series of seventh pulses alternating with eighth pulses of either +V L or −V L and of opposite polarity to but greater length than the seventh pulses.
5. A method of driving an electrophoretic display comprising a layer of the electrophoretic medium disposed between first and second electrodes, with the first electrode forming the viewing surface of the display and the electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of first, second, third, and fourth particles dispersed in a fluid, the display having a voltage controller capable of applying voltage differences of +V H , 0, and −V H between the first and second electrodes respectively, where:
+ V H >0>− V H
the method comprising, in either order:
(a) displaying at the viewing surface alternately the color of the fourth particles, and the color of a mixture of the fourth and second particles by applying between the electrodes a series of first pulses of either +V H or −V H and of a polarity which drives the fourth particles towards the second electrode, said series of first pulses alternating with second pulses of +V H or −V H , and of opposite polarity to, but greater duration than, the first pulses; and
(b) displaying at the viewing surface alternately the color of the third particles and the color of a mixture of the third and second particles by applying between the electrodes a series of third pulses of either +V H or −V H and of a polarity which drives the third particles towards the second electrode, said series of third pulses alternating with fourth pulses of +V H or −V H , and of opposite polarity to, but greater duration than, the third pulses.